Video Games and Youth Violence Is There a Connection...

Tuscon Arizona, Blacksburg Virginia, DC, Littleton Colorado and Paducah Kentucky just a few locations for some of the most tragic, memorable crimes in the modern age. What is the common denominator for all of these crimes? They were all committed by an adolescent or young adult. The influences were many and the reasons are still under debate. The main contributing factor for all of this violence was originally thought to be violent video games, and the vivid scenarios played out in them.( Grossman, DeGaetano 1999) After further investigation, that factor in itself has been proven to be untrue. Contrary to the popularly accepted belief, violent video games do not increase the tendencies for violence in healthy, normal adolescents and†¦show more content†¦In the development of our culture starting as far back as some of us can remember, even before video games, children and youth have always been fascinated by violence and games involving role playing fantasy. From childhoo d with its innocuous games of cowboys and Indians, to cops and robbers, we have always looked to fantasy and make believe to entertain ourselves and at times escape from the reality of a very normal, mundane life. States Harold Schecter PhD, a professor of English at Queens College in New York City â€Å"I have little doubt that fifty years from now, parents will be raising a howl over virtual-reality shoot-‘em–ups that allow their kids to actually feel the splatting blood from the blown-off head of a holographic zombie, and that they will pine for the idyllic days of 2004, when children enjoyed such harmlessly cartoonish pastimes as Resident Evil and Grand Theft Auto.† For a lot of adolescents in today’s world, the ability to relax after a day at school, work, or social activities, whether sports or family related, is not clear cut process. (Jenkins, MIT PhD 2002 ) Some can handle the peer pressure they are put under on a daily basis in stride without a building aggression or anger. For those youths video games are a form of interaction with like minded people, allowing relaxation and pent up frustration at a perceived issue to be deflated. When presented with the reason for playing 2032 children grades 3-12 , relaxation was a reason chosen by aShow MoreRelatedVideo Games And Violent Violence1345 Words   |  6 Pageseven specially made devices for babies and children. Video games are interwoven with our daily lives. For many, it is just an innocent way to relax or enjoy themselves. For others, it has become an addiction in which they cannot escape. Not all video games are violent, but what about those that are? Does society have an obligation to monitor every type of video game children and adults play simply because they believe it may lead to acts of violence? Psychologists, Sociologists, Anthropologist, SchoolsRead MoreDo Video Games Contribute For Video Game Violence?1170 Words   |  5 Pages Do video games contribute to video game violence? I will discuss why video games do not contribute to youth violence, what types of warnings are given by video game companies, and what flaws exist in studies that suggest a correlation between violence and gaming. As the sales of video games have risen in recent years, some groups claim that violence in these games has caused violent behaviors among young players. However, this argument bears little factual evidence supporting such a connectionRead MoreViolent Video Games And Violence1203 Words   |  5 PagesAre violent video games directly correlated to teen violence? This is the burning question many researchers are dedicated to answering. The common form of the question is â€Å"Is the increase in violence in games creating killer kids?† The simple answer is no. Instead the opposite has occurred, as games became more violent, the players became calmer. The games create a â€Å"safe† outlet for any anger or angst that young people possess. Crime rates in the teen po pulation have lowered and violent teens admitRead MoreVideo Games And Youth Violence1181 Words   |  5 Pagespast few centuries,video games have become a great leisure and hobby among kids of all ages and cultures. With the advancement of technology, video games have advanced highly in its realism and genres. This high type of advancement brought the video game industry to a multi-billion dollar industry. However, with realism, comes negative effects as well. Ever since the creation of violent or â€Å"mature† video games, there has been a constant debate on whether it will increase violence in the player. AlthoughRead More Children, Media, and Violence Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesis overwhelming. To argue against it, the link between media violence and teen violence is like arguing against gravity, said Jeffrey McIntyre, legislative and federal affairs officer for the American Psychological Association. As children are exposed to acts of violence in the media through t elevision, video games, music, movies, etc. alarming results are occurring. The main negative effect being an increase in aggression among youth who are regularly exposed to the media and an increase in violentRead MoreVideo Games Impacts on Youth1181 Words   |  5 PagesBlanchard English 1102 20 September 2011 Video Games Impact on Youth Today Video games are the most popular form of entertainment and they are enjoyed by people from all age groups. Playing video games can have tremendous impacts on the different age groups, most importantly on the youth. The impact of video games on the youth has many different sides and it is a highly debated topic. One side feels that it has no impact on the youth and is only a game in which the content is meant to be enjoyedRead MoreDo Violent Video Games Influence Youth Violence?772 Words   |  3 Pagesmassive violence, graphic sexual content, and animated blood are examples of statements that the Entertainment Software Rating Board uses to depict the content in over fifty- five percent of the video games rated yearly. The debate of whether the aggressive nature of these video games influences youth violence in our country has been heatedly battled for decades. Since the mid 1980’s, it has been suggested that high profile cases of violence are due to an aggressor’s exc essive video game use. HoweverRead MoreViolent Video Games and Their Impact on Children850 Words   |  3 PagesViolent Video Games and Their Impact on Children Outline Introduction A. Thesis: Although there are some reports of such games terribly impacting children, most research says that the violence in them is understood to be unrealistic, and thus not internalized and regurgitated back through increased aggressiveness in behavior. Reports Showing Violent Video Games Increase Aggression Exposure to violent video games has been lined to increases in aggression. Such reports have linked violent videoRead MoreViolent Video Games Effects On Society988 Words   |  4 PagesVideo games have been around for half a century, when the first simple tennis game was designed by William Higinbotham in 1958. Since then, video games have gotten more in depth, and now include the best graphics and a vast amount of options which include violent video games. Violent video games have gotten more popular with the vast amount of variety including the franchise of Call of Duty, Battlefield, and Grand Theft Auto. In addition, these are the most common and sought after video games, andRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Violent Behavior Among Young Children1525 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Video games on Violent Behavior among Young Children Julian A. Jaggon University of Central Florida The Effect of Video games on Violent Behavior among Young Children Just how popular are videogames? In today’s society very popular, not only do our kids and teenagers play video games but even grown men and women play them as well. Video games are now more popular than watching television or going to the movies. According to Center for

The Financial Crisis in Iceland Essay - 607 Words

Iceland is a small European Country. Its currency is Krona, ISK. The 2008-2009 Icelandic financial crisis was the major economic and political event in the Iceland. It had been worst financial crisis ever experienced by a small country. Sharp turn in 2007-2008 ISK dropped 24% against Euro from Nov 2007 to June 2008. Iceland involved the collapse of all three of the countrys major privately owned commercial banks, following their difficulties in refinancing their short-term debt and a run on deposits in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Here are some Factors that lead for such a worst financial crisis: 1. Bad Banking 2. Bad policies Financial Sector: Three major banks Glitnir, Kaupthing and Landsbanki, other saving and investment†¦show more content†¦The CBI set up a system of daily currency auctions in October to facilitate international trade. The value of the krona is determined by supply and demand in those auctions. Inflation Rates: Up to 2009 the inflation rate was recorded 16.51%. Wrong use of inflation targeting is the headline failure. High interest rates: High interest rates were provided. With interest rates standing at double level, uncovered interests parity encouraged households, firms, and banks to borrow in foreign currency. Government acquired 75% of Glitner bank. Trade was suspended and there was rise in fiscal deficit and public debt. Government was giving assurance to only the local depositors not to the foreign depositors. EFFECTS OF FINANCIAL CRISIS: United Kingdom had sealed all the three branches of the Iceland. Unemployment: About 300 employees of the organization become unemployed because of the new organization which is replaced by the old Landsbanki. Similar Job losses were expected in Glitner and Kaupthing. The job losses can be compared with the 2,136 registered unemployed and 495 advertised vacancies in Iceland at the end of August 2008. The employment had more the tripled. Companies face a serious loss: Many of the companies face loss due to crisis. The private Sterling Airlines and the national airlines Icelandair both are the examples of companies who face serious loss. Sterling airlinesShow MoreRelated2008 Financial Crisis: Icelands Then Now Essay examples1558 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of the Crisis On September 15, 2008, the American bank Lehman Brothers, with holdings over 600 billion USD, filed bankruptcy. This was by far the biggest bankruptcy in U.S history and it marked the beginning and the largest financial crisis ever. How can one of the biggest banks in the world fail? How can a bankruptcy in US make someone on the other side of the world unemployed? The answer is Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) and it all started by new innovations in the financial sector combinedRead MoreShould Iceland Adopt Canadian Dollar?1387 Words   |  6 Pages Econ 345 Assignment 2 Topic: Should Iceland adopt Canadian Dollar? Student number: 301238117 Student Name: Shuk Man Chan The Abstract Iceland is now having financial crisis because of its unhealthy banking system and monetary policies. Its currency becomes an unwanted dollar due to its fluctuating exchange rate. To regain the confident and rebuild its financial system, a sound currency is crucial. Canada, one of the strongest economies in OECD, has a healthy banking system and conservativeRead MoreIreland s Financial Disaster1371 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Ireland’s financial disaster shared some things in common with Iceland’s. It was created by sort of men who ignore their wives suggestions that maybe they should stop and ask for directions. But while the Icelandic male used foreign money to conquer foreign places (trophy companies in Britain, chunks of Scandinavia etc.) – the Irish male used foreign money to conquer Ireland. Left alone in a dark room with a pile of money, the Irish decided what they really wanted to do with it was buy Ireland.Read MoreFinancial Crisis in This Time is Diffe rent by Reinhart and Rogoff758 Words   |  3 Pagesinstitutional changes and experience gains can make the world emerge from financial crisis saying that this time is different. But they may be too optimistic. The outrageous truth is that each new financial crisis is not predicted or forestalled. As Reinhart and Rogoff said in their book This Time is Different, technology is changing, fashion is changing, but self-deception of governments and investors are not. A banking crisis usually refers to a situation in a general market adjustment when faithRead MoreIceland s Impact On The Economy1105 Words   |  5 Pages. Iceland had a shorter, less severe recession after its banking crises than did Ireland. The most prominent difference is their exchange-rate regimes. Iceland s flexible exchange rate allowed Icelandic government to come up with rapid resolution of its banking crisis without bailing out creditors. Iceland s combination of a flexible exchange rate and a policy of closing its failed banks appears to have served the country well in the aftermath of the financial crisis. Banking crises in IcelandRead MoreThe Economic Crisis Of Iceland931 Words   |  4 Pagesthe global economic crisis occurring which could have been prevented or at least lessened. Iceland is known for its beautiful landscapes and vast expanses of nature. Human civilization sparsely dots the land creating an aura of solitude everywhere you go. Iceland can boast that it has good education, clean air, and barely any crime. However, in 2000 the government in Iceland initiated a plan for a broad policy of deregulation. Which would begin a set of disastrous events. Iceland began with allowingRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis1408 Words   |  6 Pagesexplained the occurrence of the global financial crisis in 2008. It has shown that lots of companies have bankrupted and millions of people lose their jobs and homes around the world. Such as United States, Iceland, England, France, Singapore and China. There is a sentence in this film has make me impressed, which is â€Å" the poorest always pay the most.† The director has separated this film into five parts, which are How we get there, The Bubbles, The Crisis, Accountability and Where we are now. TheRead MoreIceland Economic Crisis Essay796 Words   |  4 Pages In 2008, there was global economic crisis that people lost their jobs, savings and homes. Iceland has a stable democracy, but they have low employment and government debt. Gylfi Zoega said Iceland had good health care and education. Also, not much crime and good place where families can live. Iceland allowed multinational corporations, such as Alcoa, it build huge aluminum-smelting plants. In Iceland, the government privatized their 3 largest banks. The 3 banks borrowed 120 billion dollars. TheRead MoreThe Economic Crisis Was The Worst Monetary Disaster Since The Great Recession1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe 2008 economic crisis was the worst monetary disaster since the Great Depression that resulted in a global financial meltdown, costing the world over $20 trillion. The Academy Award nominated filmmaker, Charles Ferguson’s Inside Job, exposes the shocking truth behind the Great Recession and how millions of people lost their savings, jobs, and homes. The film begins not on W all Street or even in the United States, but Iceland. A nation whose problems turn out to become the world’s in microcosmRead MoreIs the banking industry responsible for the economic disaster in Iceland?1759 Words   |  8 PagesWith about 320,000 people, Iceland has only about as many inhabitants as an average German city. Nevertheless, the island republic is among the richest nations in the world with one of the highest living standards. Iceland is a member of the United Nations, NATO and the European Economic Area, as well as many other international organizations. â€Å"Is the banking industry responsible for the economic disaster of Iceland?† Until the 80’s, Iceland was a more regulated economy with many interventions by

Lack of Education in Developing Countries free essay sample

Developed countries are involved to help countries increase their education because every child should have the right to education and be able to have access to education to learn so they can lead and help the future. Developing countries have insufficient budgets dedicated to education, a poor quality of teaching and learning environment and lastly kids too poor to attend school due to costs. There are 775. million people around the world that cannot read of write a simple sentence, in some countries a child can spend 2-3 years repeating a grade but once kids leave school, most never return losing the opportunity to a successful job (Main Navigation). In some countries a child can spend 2-3 years repeating a grade, but once kids leave school, most never return. Amartya Sen has defined poverty stating that it is the lack of capability to function effectively in society. Therefore the lack of education in a country can be considered a form of poverty. We will write a custom essay sample on Lack of Education in Developing Countries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Absolute poverty is the absence of adequate resources, kids in developing countries are faced with challenges of learning through poor nutrition, health, home circumstances and parental education. This discourages enrolment, reducing learning in schools (Poverty and Education). Education can reduce poverty by providing individuals with the opportunity to get a job and better incomes. It can boost the economic growth of a country, based on recent research it is shown that quality-adjusted education is important for economic growth. Education comes with social benefits as well which can improve the situation of the poor, such as lower fertility and improved health care of children (Poverty and Education). Poor people are often unable to obtain access to an adequate education, and without an adequate education people are often constrained to a life of poverty. Servaas Van Der Berg. The absolutely poor in developing countries have low education levels. Some may not even have access to primary education or may not have completed their primary education, not realizing that it is important to reduce poverty. Education is often poorly measured, and the impacts do not always show up as statistically significant in cross- country growth regressions (Levine Renelt, 1992). Africa’s education crisis makes media headlines and analysis by the Brookings Center for Universal Education (CUE) explains why this needs to change. Progress towards universal primary education has come to a halt and learning levels of children who are in school are poor as well. Using a Learning Barometer, CUE estimates that 61 million African children will reach adolescence lacking even the most basic literacy and numeracy skills, this will deprive a whole generation of opportunities to develop and escape poverty (Poverty, Education, Opportunity). Education improves living standards, a good look at this would be to travel from Canada to Africa, a huge difference is instantly noticeable. Canada is more modernized and revolves around educated people unlike Africa which is a developing country. In addition, other positive developmental impacts of education are that education improves the sustainability of democracy in poor and rich countries alike, higher levels of education have even shown to reduce crime (Main Navigation). Countries around the world are not investing enough money to education according to the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Developing countries especially give low budgets that are not enough to achieve the goal of universal compulsory school attendance. Developed countries that invest more on education have higher literacy rates such as Canada, with a literacy rate of 99% (The World Factbook), compared to a developing countries such as Africa. There are 127 million children of primary school age in Africa, half of these children will reach adolescence without the basic learning skills that they, and their countries need to escape poverty (Kevin Watkins, 2013). Trade is key to help countries develop therefore developed countries need to make sure that people in the world’s poorest countries are educated so that they can have access to markets which create jobs, resulting in growth. Author, Guest. 2013). In developed countries a student is able to walk into a clean classroom with their own textbook, a desk and chair will be present meanwhile in developing countries, a child will have to share a desk, class materials and a textbook with many other students, overcrowding is also apparent therefore some kids even have to sit on th e floor and in most cases the quality of teaching is poor as well. Improvemnent and changes have to occur, teachers need to be more educated because they are the ones that are providing the students with knowledge and the ability to read and write. Another issue is the lack of schools and staff available, this is the main reason for overcrowding to exist; teaches have to teach in classes with very high student numbers and on poor pay (Main Navigation). For the schools available, many of the students need to walk long distances there and back to attend, therefore their needs to be more schools built closer to home and more educated teachers from developing countries in be the teachers, their has to be fundings to provide water fountains, electricity, and transportation for the students to encourage them to attend. Without these necessities, pupils will lack motivation to come to school and learn, which is the reason why the literacy rate in Africa is low. People living in developing countries such as Africa are extremely poor, the costs to attend school discourages them to receive education. The costs being referred to are for learning materials, such as textbooks, notebooks, pen and kids are unable to purchase their school uniforms which are essential as well. In countries where school fees have been abolished enrolment rates have risen markedly (Main Navigation). One in four children in sub-Saharan Africa aged between 5 to 14 have to work often up to 16 hours a day because their families rely on the income contributed by their children, therefore Africa has to spend more of the national income on education because kids are working to support their families instead of their education; by doing this, kids are forever supporting their family rather than getting an opportunity to have a successful career which

Music Is More Than Entertainment free essay sample

Music is more of an art form. It is a way to speak to others about life struggles and achievements, love, religion, and government. Although some forms of music is for entertainment such as such party songs there are motivational artist that began movements around world whether it is politics, fashion, and social etiquette. Some artists include Michael Jackson, Earth Franklin, Public Enemy, Bob Marled, Outpace, and 132. All formed unity throughout the world and impacted many to listen to causes from the civil rights movement, to changes in the ghetto, to world peace. For example Earth Franklins Respect was a big impact for the civil rights movement along with James Brown and Ray Charles. Other artist talked about government and creating changes within our community such as Public Enemy and Outpace. With the power of music hip hop, country, gospel, and other forms, number of individuals relate and break ethnic barriers. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Is More Than Entertainment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All cultures can come together and sing and dance as one whole forget about poverty, troubles in the home ND workplace, financial situations, and government laws and policies.Music effects emotions and allows people to share a message. Some messages pertaining to gay rights, domestic violence, women empowerment, and differences among race and cultures. Although some artist do not talk about cultural events In their music they are still yet inspirational to others. Singer, Philanthropist Alicia Keys not only sings with her piano but also is the co-founder of Keep A Child Alive, a non-profit organization to provides medicine to families with HIVE and AIDS. Music Is More Than Entertainment free essay sample For example Retreat Franklins Respect was a big impact for the civil rights movement along with James Brown and Ray Charles. Other artist talked about government and creating changes within our community such as Public Enemy and Tuba. With the power of music hip hop, country, gospel, and other forms, number Of individuals relate and break ethnic barriers. All cultures can come together and sing and dance as one whole forget about poverty, troubles in the home and workplace, financial situations, and overspent laws and policies.Music effects emotions and allows people to share a message. Some messages pertaining to gay rights, domestic violence, women empowerment, and differences among race and cultures. Although some artist do not talk about cultural events in their music they are still yet inspirational to others. Singer, Philanthropist Alicia Keys not only sings with her piano but also is the co-founder of Keep A Child Alive, a non-profit organization to provides medicine to families with HIVE and AIDS. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Is More Than Entertainment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

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How credible is smiths hypothesis concerning monastic inves essays

How credible is smiths hypothesis concerning monastic inves essays How credible is smiths hypothesis concerning monastic investment in agriculture? Use case studies to support your answer. Smiths hypothesis seems to be that in the circumstances of the 13th century being an age of rising production in which a feudal reaction occurred, the Benedictines invested productively in agriculture and were pioneers of agriculture. However, Smith never describes or presents his ideas as a hypothesis and therefore leaves some doubt regarding what his hypothesis is. For this reason it may be more sensible to analyse and assess the credibility of smiths ideas concerning investment in agriculture. A second caveat is that Smiths ideas are not principally about monastic investment but rather about the relationship between Benedictine monasteries, agriculture and the economy. The credibility of Smiths ideas therefore depends largely on whether or not medieval agrarian life and economy is as he suggests. In his study of Canterbury Priory Smith cites a number of features and characteristics of the monastery and the economy which supports his basic argument. The fact that the Priory was greatly in debt when Henry of Eastry took up the priorate but managed to clear all its debts by the end of his tenure supports this idea in two ways. Debt would have acted as an incentive to use resources productively and the fact that the debt was cleared suggests that money was coming in. Perhaps the key point in this period in support of Smiths idea is the rising price of corn, something which the priory had access to in abundance. It is clear that this rise in prices coincided with the transition back to demesne farming, giving the abbeys far greater control over production and use of agriculture. These set of circumstance suggest that not only might the monasteries like to make a profit from agriculture but were also ideally placed to do so. ...

CRITICALLY EXAMINE RECENT RESEARCH INTO THE INFLUENCE OF GRANDPARENTS Essay

CRITICALLY EXAMINE RECENT RESEARCH INTO THE INFLUENCE OF GRANDPARENTS AS CARERS ON CHILDRENS LIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME - Essay Example he need for extended families is compounded by the rise economic stagnation manifested by reduction in real wages, and overall reduction in jobs offering benefits and a living wage, and government sector retrenchments for single mothers, and working poor (Baker, Silverstein, and Putney, 2008, p. 2).The result is a compromise in the ability of parents to raise their children while increasing the childcare gap. In this case, grandparents are the most reliable guardian in such distressed families as their sons and daughters in the middle-generation are incapable of rearing their children on their own. Baker, Silverstein, and Putney (2008, p. 3) highlight that about 6.5 million children in the United States live with one grandparent causing about 9% of all children nationally. This means that while the parents of these children work, grandparents are used as babysitters, who offer childcare. Consequently, families translate into multi-generational households. The grandparents living with grandchildren can be custodial or non-custodial. With custodial carer, the grandparents care for grandchildren on a full time basis. The grandparents can be relatives or non relatives the grandchildren left to care for children, especially where the motheres return to work after having a baby (Grandparents Plus). Unrelated grandparents are just day carers. Conversely, non-custodial grandparents caring for grandchildren are just day carers who are not the principle source of care for the children since their parents are either co-residents or not. However, the research notes that grandparent carers are unevenly distributed across racial groups and social classes, especially where poor families depend on them as cheap childcare that facilitates both parents to work (Grandparents Plus). Furthermore, amongst African Americans custodial grandparenting rates are very high given the historically high rates of single parenting and poverty (Backhouse 12). Extended familism’s cultural

1932, A true history of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

1932, A true history of the United States - Essay Example Lincoln had envisioned a society where slavery would not be there. During Lincoln rule, his visionary of seeing many states free of British rule was seen to pass (Aljosa). The British did not like the idea of American Independence as it caused a number of uprisings against them, and so waged a personal war on the countries which had adopted the United States doctrine. The British also plotted for Abraham Lincoln’s assassination in an attempt to stop his rule and some of his principles that were corrupting countries to rebel against the British. In the coming of President William McKinley, a key individual who continued some of the philosophies of Lincoln was also another target for the British. President William McKinley was in fact assassinated by the British, and President Teddy Roosevelt took over (Aljosa). Teddy Roosevelt was a pro-British person due to his links with some of British Key allies. Many wars were fought so as to reclaim to reclaim the British Empire to its states that is the World War 1. British wanted to show that it is still superior to the United States. In conclusion, the given documentary provides a good account about the American history

Q5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Q5 - Essay Example ate and likely to be useful in a less developed country such as Chad where access to electrical grids may not be feasible due to geographical problems and in remote locations where establishing electric connections may be expensive.(www.electricityforum.com). It is also expensive to develop such grids and Chad is a poor country where substantial expenses on these developments may not be possible. But sunlight is a commodity available in plenty in this country, and this can be harnessed to generate solar power to operate cell phones and enhance communications. Such relay stations are already in use in the U.K., where grids connect PV systems are integrated into office buildings and connected to the local solar electricity network. They are used in monitoring stations, radio repeater stations, telephone kiosks and for street lighting. Solar powered relay stations were installed by the Israeli Government in 2005, all along Israeli highway no: 2 to provide electrical power for cellular phones using the energy harnessed from the sun and assimilated into the microwave relay stations. 2. Voice over Internet protocol helps in enabling voice communications through the use of IP networks such as the Internet. It offers the facility of telephony services, i.e, the facility of making and receiving calls from regular telephone lines using a computer (Wallingford, 2005). The only requirement is the availability of a broadband connection which facilitates good sound transmission quality and in the case of telephony services such as Skype, even allows chatting and calling applications in computers with firewalls that normally break such applications. As a result, it brings about a substantial reduction in the cost of making telephone calls. VoIP systems also allow for a converge of voice and data networks. The VoIP facility is useful to a knowledge worker because it enables fast and easy communication lines to be established to and from any part of the world. A knowledge

Benefits Of Mangroves Forests Environmental Sciences Essay

Benefits Of Mangroves Forests Environmental Sciences Essay The general distribution of mangrove forests are in both tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world with them only being found at latitudes of 25oN and 25oS of the equator and in as high latitudes as 32 oC which is in 117 countries (Barbier Cox 2003) where the sea surface temperature does not get lower then 16oC because they cannot withstand freezing temperatures. According to literature, it is estimated that 75% of the worlds mangrove forests are found in 15 countries (Giri, et al 2011). The proportions of mangrove forests found throughout the world are as follows (Giri et al 2011): Asia: 42% Africa: 21% North/Central America: 15% Oceana: 12% South America: 11% Mangrove forests inhabit tidal areas which include estuaries which receive a somewhat indirect tidal influence and marine shorelines which receive direct tidal influences. The forest is flushed by seawater which is brought in by high tide that inundates the forest floor for an extended period each day and at low tides the water recedes. Due to evapouration, the soil salinity becomes concentrated and raises to high levels (NOAA 2010). Benefits of mangrove forests According to Ronnback (1999) some of the products that can be had from mangrove forests are as follows: Fuel which includes firewood, charcoal and alcohol Construction material such as timber for scaffolds and heavy construction, Beams, poles, flooring, panelling, etc. Fishing: poles for fish traps, fish attracting shelters, fishing floats, fish poison and tannins for net and line preservation Food and beverages: fish, Crustaceans, Molluscs and Other fauna. Vegetables from propagules, fruit and leaves, Tea substitutes,Alcohol,Vinegar and Fermented drinks Household items: Furniture,Glue,Wax,Household utensils, Incense and Matchsticks Textiles and leather: Fur, skins, Synthetic fibres (e.g. rayon),Dye for cloth and Tannins for leather preservation Other products very useful products that can be harvested from mangrove forests are: Fish, shellfish and mangrove roots for aquarium trade Medicines from bark, leaves, fruits and seeds Fodder for cattle, goats and camels Fertilisers Lime Paper Raw material for handicraft Cigarette wrappers Ecosystems services obtain from the mangrove resource are as follows (Ronnback 1999): Acts as a natural sea defence Provides biophysical support for coastal ecosystems Provides biological regulation of ecosystem processes and functions Production of oxygen It functions as a carbon sink so it will have an impact on local and global climate It sustains the livelihood of global communities Heritage, cultural, spiritual and religious values Educational and scientific information Recreation and tourism Statement of the Problem In the years gone by mangrove forests were being increasingly destroyed by persons that are seeking a livelihood or just see the mangroves as a cheap and readily available fuel source. This leads to each one of these so called users to try to exploit this resource to their maximum benefit and cannot be prevented from doing so (free rider problem) because this resource is what we call common property which further contributes to the destruction and degradation of mangroves since there is no defined ownership or responsibilities towards the resource. In recent years many countries especially developing countries have begun to increase their economic activity in pursuit of development from which the pollution negatively affect the mangroves either directly or indirectly. Causes of mangrove degradation and destruction Negative Externalities Firstly, we know that a negative externality occurs when an individual, a group or firm makes a decision that only makes consideration for direct costs of production and not the costs of pollution caused by the consumption of the good and services produced i.e. they make a decision to produce certain goods and services which negatively affect third parties and the environment in the form of pollution whether it be air, water, etc. This pollution in some cases are unregulated which causes market inefficiency because the cost of pollution cause by the consumption of goods and services will not be reflected in the market price proposed (Helbling 2012). In the case of mangroves, there are a number of activities produce negative externalities that affect this ecosystem and cause extensive degradation and destruction. Some of the main ones are as follows (Kathiresan 2012): Agricultural expansion and encroachment e.g. vast expansion of aquaculture farms that produce shrimp in countries such as Honduras, Thailand, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, et cetera. This is also a result of increase population growth and the demand for food which requires more land to keep up with this demand so in essence its land scarcity that causes the encroachment into the mangrove forests and the land to be converted. Urbanization e.g. in Haiti mangrove mudflats are being cleared to build homes Cutting for timber, fuel and charcoal e.g. in Haiti vast areas of mangrove forests are decertified by poor farmers desperately trying to making a living from charcoal making Prevention of freshwater flow and tidal flow e.g. in Guyana when the Berbice River Bridge was first constructed, it cut off some of the tidal flow of water to a section of the mangrove forest through which it passes which caused part of the forest to start dying off Pollution e.g. in Guyana haphazardly disposed plastic bottles used in the beverage industry end up in the drains and make the way out into the sea and are washed back up on shore and are trapped in the mangrove forests where they accumulate to very large amounts and cause extensive pollution This negative externality problem can also be as a result of unallocated property rights (Schenk 2002). Even Though the mangrove resource common property status would be changed through regulation, the fact remain that the air above the mangroves and the water surrounding them (both surface and ground) are still considered as common property so anyone that are involved in economic activities cannot be told not to pollute the air over the mangrove or not to pollute the surface and ground water resources beneath the mangroves because in actuality no owns them; hence the surrounding resources will collapse as described in the Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin 1968). When the air and water (surface and ground) are polluted they will cause a great amount of degradation and destruction to the mangrove forests which will cause them to reduce in area. This has been so extensive in some areas of the world; those areas which once had mangroves are today completely without because of all the unregulated negative externalities cause by economic activities over the years (Baten 2009). Common Property Common property is basically any resource that is considered shared property or have no specific ownership or property rights and this includes a wide range of natural resources along with the goods and services that can be derived from them (Wade 1987). In many countries the mangrove forests are considered as common property in which a lot of individuals use the mangrove forest as a means of making a livelihood by harvesting its various products such as wild meat, timber, fish, shrimp, et cetera. According to Hardin (1968) in an essay titled The Tragedy of the Commons from which he basically emphasized that every individual using the resource (in this case the mangrove forest) will seek to maximize his/her benefits that are being derived from the forest and as result of this the resource will be doomed to overuse which will cause the ecosystem to become depleted and eventually collapse. This problem is evident in many countries worldwide especially in the third world countries where people consider harvesting the timber from mangrove forest is a cheap and affordable source of energy so this leads to widespread degradation and destruction (Scherr and Yadav 1996). For example in Guyana, mangrove timber was used as a source of fuel in cremation and other religious ceremonies. This was also practiced among the Hindustani community in Suriname. Solutions Negative Externalities The problem of negative externalities can be solved by the parties that are involved and one of the most common ways of doing this is through a political process that is called a tacit agreement. In this system, governments are elected that represent the citizens and to come to compromises in certain interests (Hussain 2011). In the case of the mangroves, what happens is that governments pass laws and regulations to address the negative externalities that affect the mangrove forests e.g. in countries such as Guyana, Fiji, et cetera there has been implementation of mangrove management plans that set standards, targets and processing requirements as it relates to mangroves so that destruction and degradation will be reduced. This is what is known as Command and Control Regulations which also includes environmental taxing reforms (Pigouvian taxes) where each unit of pollution is taxed (Hussain 2011) e.g. environmental tax on plastic bottles used in the beverage industry of Guyana tradable pollution permits or the creation of markets for ecological services similar to those that are used in Europe. Another strategy that can be used is through bargaining in which stakeholders can come together and come to common grounds to bring about and efficient outcome without government intervention which would put stricter sanctions on the use of the mangrove resource and this is known as the Coase Theorem (1960). This was put into practice in Jamaica to reduce the rate of deforestation of the mangrove forests as well as other forest types on lands that are privately owned. Common Property According to Hardin (1968) and others suggested the most likely solution to The Tragedy of the Commons is to impose some form of regulation on the small scale livelihood activities that utilize this natural resource since it would be in the best interest to society for this to be done. This regulation is also needed because if this ecosystem collapses, there will be a great cost that will be bourne by all of society since the many ecosystem services such as coastal protection, erosion protection, et cetera will be lost. In Guyana, the common properties status of mangrove was somewhat eliminated by designation the responsibilities of the mangrove resource to the Guyana Work Services Group (WSG) which have responsibility for sea defences and this include the mangrove resource (Guyana Mangrove Action Project 2011). Regarding the legislation that was needed to make this solution more efficient, a legislative review indicated that mangrove protection to more will be more efficient when loopholes are closed. Fortunately the legislative framework for immediate protection already existed and as it was within the power of the Minister of Agriculture to declare any tree a protected species and this was done (Guyana Mangrove Action Project 2011). On January 29, 2010 the Minister of Agriculture amended to Regulation 17 of the Principal Regulations by the substitution of the following (Guyana Mangrove Action Project 2011): Protected Trees 17. (1) No bullet-wood tree or red, black or white mangrove trees shall be felled without first obtaining the permission in writing of an authorized forest officer not below the rank of an Assistant Commissioner of Forests (GoG 2009) so this effectively listed the mangrove as a special category under the GFCs code of practice. Rangers called mangrove wardens were also trained and hired then stationed in a newly established mangrove management units which has the responsibility to regulate any activities taking place within the mangrove forests. Since the implementation of this plan, there has been a positive response in the acreage of the mangroves forest. There has actually been an increase in the area of mangrove forests on Guyanas coast and this has been possible through revegetation and afforestation programmes (Guyana Mangrove Action Project 2011). There has even been natural mangrove regeneration in areas where there hasnt been any growth in many decades because of the unregulated usage that was previously allowed. Discussion In the solution that was used to curb the negative externalities that affected the mangrove resource what was done is that by implementing the environmental tax on goods and services, the cost of the damage that was done to the resource was internalised into the market prices of the goods and service that were produced by the industries which were negatively affecting the resource directly or indirectly. Hence the cost of the damages done to the mangroves was no longer an external cost and this eliminated this inefficiency that was present beforehand (Pigou 1920). Although Pigouvian taxes are an efficient ways of handling the negative externalities that would affect the mangrove resource because basically the more the tax is raised, the more incentive there will be to reduce the level of negative externalities (Mankiw 1998). However, Carlton and Loury (1980) argued that a pure Pigouvian tax instrument will fail to address this problem over the long run so it must be combined with other instruments such as technology and performance standards. With the solution taken toward the common property problem, the strategy simply just reduced the level of access to the mangrove forest which was done using governmental policies that now restricts the way in which the resource is used i.e. a command and control regulation. This system by itself is inefficient hence so they would have to be combined with an incentive or market based solution in the form of fines for breaching the newly set policies hence individuals and firms will have an incentive to follow the policies in order to avoid having to pay the fines (U.S Environmental Protection Agency 2010). Conclusion In the past because of the open-access or common property nature of the mangrove resource we saw that most of the market benefits where only gained by a few select individuals or firms while the non-consumptive benefits (erosion protection, oxygen production, carbon sequestration, et cetera) which could benefit all of society was only short lived. Now that that resource is regulated we can see that it will stay intact for longer periods of time and we can see society benefiting more from it because the non-consumptive benefits (marginal benefits) would be increased and the marginal cost of the resource to society would be decreased.

Education and Act 48 Essay -- Education School Legislation Teaching Es

Education and Act 48 On November 23,1999 Governor Ridge signed Act 48 of 1999, enacting new requirements for professional education (formerly professional development) plans. The legislation also requires that all certified educators complete six college credits, six credits of continuing professional education courses, 180 clock hours of continuing professional education, or any combination of collegiate studies, continuing professional education courses or learning experiences equivalent to 180 hours every five years. For the purposes of calculating hours and credits, one credit of collegiate studies or continuing professional education courses is equivalent to 30 hours of continuing professional education. The professional education requirements take effect July 1, 2000 for all certified educators and will support achievement of the Pennsylvania Academic Standards, the Chapter 49 Teacher Certification Standards, and high standards for all educators and student. The information below has been rese arched directly from the Pennsylvania Department of Education’s Act 48-Professional Development Plan. The Act 48 plan requires that â€Å"upon expiration of an existing professional development plan, each school entity (district, intermediate unit (Ill), area-vocational-technical school (AVTS), joint school district, charter school, the Scotland School for Veterans Children and the Scranton School for the Deaf) submit a three-year professional education plan to the Department of Education for approval.† Approved schools for special education are also required to comply with Act 48 by the Bureau of Special Education. This plan is based on national standards, state standards and the individual needs of the district. Professional education plans from IUs, approved schools for special education and state-owned schools are submitted by June 30 in two phases. School district and AVTS professional education plans are due with a strategic plan by September 30 in the assigned phase. Private schools may also submit a professional education plan for approval so they can be an approved professional education provider. This, however, is an option to private schools and is not mandated by the state because they do not receive federal funding in the way that public schools do so. Wallenpaupack Area School District is currently in phase one of the strategic plan... ...www.ed.gov/pubs/PrisonersOfTime/index.html] Professional development: Changing times. (1994). Policy Briefs, Report 4. Oak Brook, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. ED376618 State Higher Education Executive Officers Association [SHEEO]. (1991, August). Higher education and school reform: Creating the partnership. Denver, CO: Author. ED 337,110. Tanner, B., Canady, R. L., & Rettig, R. L. (1995). Scheduling time to maximize staff development opportunities. Journal of Staff Development, 16(4): 14-19. EJ522303 Taylor, T. A. (2000, May 24). Congress confronts Goals 2000, national service. AACTE Briefs, p. 1. Troen, V., & Bolles, K. (1994). Two teachers examine the power of teacher leadership. In D. R. Walling (Ed.), Teachers as leaders. Perspectives on the professional development of teachers (pp. 275-86). Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. ED379283 Voices from the field: 30 expert opinions on America 2000, The Bush administration strategy to "reinvent" America's schools. (2001, April). Washington, DC: Institute for Educational Leadership and William T. Grant Foundation, Commission on Work, Family, and Citizenship. ED 336 823

Coffee Shop Draft Proposal

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION From a cultural standpoint, coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction. The coffeehouse provides social members with a place to cognate, talk, write, read, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups of 2 or 3. Every Morning it will not be complete without breakfast and a cup of coffee in the table of the Filipinos. Sometimes they only drink coffee to fill up their stomach when they are in hurry for office or even for school; it keeps them awake. They say that it help’s blood to flow better. Coffee shops or coffeehouses have been in use since 16th century, particularly in the Middle East, where Turkish coffee house was drunk and men played board games or read books and listened to music. Many people find that coffee contains stimulants called caffeine. Filtering hot water through ground beans makes the best. A special filter for coffee is used to create such aroma, and when settled, and turned into a ground-powdered coffee, just a hot water will do the rest. Many people drink instant coffee, as it is quick and easy to prepare. Evaporating huge amounts of prepared coffee makes instant coffee powder. The powder dissolves in hot water to make a coffee drink instantly. Coffee is drunk by about one third of the word people making the most popular beverages after tea. Coffee shops are establishments where people gather to enjoy a cup of coffee. In most shops, there is a wide range of options with the type of coffee drinks offered, starting with plain coffee and moving through a selection of specialty coffee drinks that are often difficult to find at restaurants and other locations. Many shops of this type also offer a limited selection of food and other beverages, making them ideal for a quick snack or a light meal. In some cases, the coffee shop is part of a large corporation. When this is the case, decisions about what types of coffee are sold are made at corporate level. The corporation will often have specific instructions as to the type of coffee maker that is used in the shop, as well as a particular brand of coffee roaster for the raw coffee beans that are purchased in bulk and resold to the local franchises. This uniform approach makes it possible for the same level of quality to be found at any coffee shop associated with the corporation. While the idea of a coffee shop was once limited to metropolitan areas, shops of this type are now found in many smaller towns and even some rural areas. With a product line built around one of the most popular beverages in the world, a coffee shop stands an excellent chance of becoming a popular gathering spot, assuming the location is good and the prices are within reason. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study seems to determine the feasibility of establishing a coffee shop at. This study has the following areas of concern: MARKETING ASPECT 1. Who will be the possible costumers? 2. What is the potential target of the coffee shop business? 3. What marketing strategy should be adopted in order to assure the success of the business? 4. What is the present demand and supply situation for the project and prosperity for the future? 5. What is the primary target market of the business? OPERATIONAL ASPECT 1. What are the machines and equipment’s that will be needed for the operation? 2. Where will be the project should be located and why that place is suitable for the proposed project? 3. What form of machines will be most appropriate and effective for the proposed project? 4. How to determine the place suited for business? 5. How many machines needed for the operation of the business? ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECT 1. What will be the organization set up of the business? 2. What benefits should be given to the staff? 3. What will be the human resource requirement of the project their qualification and responsibilities? 4. What form of organization will be most appropriate and effective for the proposed project? . What management organization will adopt the policies and strategies to attain the objective of the project? FINANCIAL ASPECT 1. How much will be the total cost of the business? 2. What will be the primary financing the business? 3. How long will it take to recover the installed primary capital? 4. What financial strategies are to be adopted for the feasibility of t he project initial capitalization and growth? 5. How to determine the sources for financing the business? OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study was designed to determine the feasibility and accessibility of the Daniel Cafe at the Robinson’s Place Ermita, Manila The study aims to locate the best possible site for the type of coffee shop chosen, taking into consideration the degree of competition, the potential for growth and expansion, and the contribution to profit. The overall objective of the study is to determine feasibility of putting up this type of business (Coffee Shop) and to be able to determine the needs of the costumers. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study undertakes to prove whether the proposed project would e feasible or not. The results of the study are significant with regard to following. With the establishment of this proposed project this can add revenue to the government because of the taxes it will pay. The proposed project will benefit the people by providing employment while also serving the public within an entertaining coffee shop. Individuals, researcher and students who are doing studies regarding this particular line of industry may in one way or another be benefited by the study and lastly it will provide employment to those who possesses necessary skills but are unemployed. They will be given the opportunity to utilize their talents if this study will be pushed through and materializes. In addition, people would engage putting up a coffee shop business, and therefore will be benefited of the different aspects in the same manner that this could be a help in the concepts. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY The scope of the study seems encompassing since the culture of coffee drinking is universal in nature and in all four corners of the world. However this study limits its scope to finding out why drinking coffee will persist even with the entry of different beverages. The study has limited its discussion on the Filipino culture in particular, the coffee drinking activity of its people based in Metro Manila. Taft Avenue is a place located in the center of Metro Manila, where one can find the bulk of the coffee shops. This place is frequently visited by the student and professionals coming from different part of Metro Manila. METHODOLOGY The realization of the study would seem impossible without the use of the researcher methods and techniques, which are fundamentals to the accumulation of data. The idea accumulation proper, the researcher made use of the analytical sampling technique which is appropriate in the date gathering for establishing the business. We also use straight line method in getting the data for the supply and demand computation. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE LOCAL LITERATURE So the coffeehouse — a so-called third place, beyond home and work, that the sociologist Ray Oldenburg has posited is crucial to developing a sense of place, civic engagement and democracy — offers an ever-dwindling opportunity â€Å"to share an experience in public,† Mr. Pendergrast said. Coffee shops have become driving forces in gentrifying areas, with merchant groups and development advocates looking to establish cafes to seed other types of mom-and-pop activity. In Ditmas Park, Brooklyn, a politically engaged coffeehouse called Vox Pop caused a minor sensation when it opened on Cortelyou Road in 2004, quickly becoming a symbol for what some saw as the neighborhood’s new cachet. It, too, has struggled financially in recent years, and it has managed to survive in part by selling shares to customers. Jan Rosenberg, a sociologist and real estate agent who has been active in spurring commercial development in the neighborhood, helped lure an outlet of the small chain Connecticut Muffin nearby. Now she is looking for a cafe for Newkirk Avenue a few blocks away. It brings a flock of people to a street — everyone likes a good cup of coffee — and it gives them a chance to sit down and bump into each other,† Ms. Rosenberg said. â€Å"It’s simple, really, but if you don’t have that and you’re always getting the train to go to work and getting your coffee there, you don’t have those bump-into-someo ne experiences, and that’s important in a city neighborhood. † FOREIGN LITERATURE The story of how coffee growing and drinking spread around the world is one of the greatest and most romantic in history. It starts in the Horn of Africa, in Ethiopia, where the coffee tree probably originated in the province of Kaffa. There are various fanciful but unlikely stories surrounding the discovery of the properties of roasted coffee beans. One story has it that an Ethiopian goatherd was amazed at the lively behaviour of his goats after chewing red coffee berries. What we know with more certainty is that the succulent outer cherry flesh was eaten by slaves taken from present day Sudan into Yemen and Arabia, through the great port of its day, Mocha, now synonymous with coffee. Coffee was certainly being cultivated in Yemen by the 15th century and probably much earlier than that. Mocha was also the main port for the one sea route to Mecca, and was the busiest place in the world at the time. But the Arabs had a strict policy not to export any fertile beans, so that coffee could not be cultivated anywhere else. The coffee bean is the seed of the coffee tree, but when stripped of its outer layers it becomes infertile. The race to make off with some live coffee trees or beans was eventually won by the Dutch in 1616, who brought some back to Holland where they were grown in greenhouses. Initially, the authorities in Yemen actively encouraged coffee drinking as it was considered preferable to the extreme side effects of Kat, a shrub whose buds and leaves were chewed as a stimulant. The first coffeehouses were opened in Mecca and were called ‘kaveh kanes'. They quickly spread throughout the Arab world and became successful places where chess was played, gossip was exchanged, and singing, dancing and music were enjoyed. They were luxuriously decorated and each had an individual character. Nothing quite like the coffeehouse had existed before: a place where society and business could be conducted in comfortable surroundings and where anyone could go, for the price of coffee. The Arabian coffeehouses soon became centres of political activity and were suppressed. Coffee and coffeehouses were subsequently banned several times over the next few decades, but they kept reappearing. Eventually a solution was found when coffeehouses and coffee were taxed. DEFINITION OF TERMS AROMA pleasant smell, good fragrance. BULK great in quantitative number or volume BUSHES a low shrub with way branches CAFFEINE organic compounds of the porcine ground, accruing in coffee shop bean tealeaf Cappuccino  A decadent combination of strong Espresso smoothed out with equal quantities of steamed milk and foamed milk, creating a luxurious cap that can be garnished with either chocolate or cinnamon powder. Usually presented in a large classic cup. COFFEE an evergreen shrubs, leaves ival, in opposite pairs flower white fragrant. COFFEE BEAN the seeds of the coffee plant COFFEE GRINDER a tool used in grinding coffee COFFEE HOUSE a shop selling coffeeand other refreshments especially one frequented in England. COFFEE SHOP small restaurant that maybe attach to a hotel, serving meals and snacks, especially coffee. CREAM the rich fatty part of milk Espresso A small but potent coffee served black, in a small demitasse cup or glass. Characterized by a flavor and aroma so intense they bite. The perfect Espresso can only be created by forcing water at 9 bar pressure and 88 C through a tightly compact wad of 8 grams of freshly ground coffee beans, producing 1. 7 fluid oz of coffee in exactly 22 seconds. Such precision is crucial for what is the base of most specialty coffees. Espresso is the fastest growing method of making coffee. All the other methods involve a ‘natural' form of infusion, and for a small cost, you can have a system that will make acceptable coffee and quickly. High quality espresso is more expensive to make because extracting the greatest amount of flavor from the bean requires a high level of pressure (8-10 bar) and thus a high quality machine. Frappuccino is the name and registered trademark of a Starbucks blended ice beverage and a bottled coffee beverage. Starbucks says that its frappuccino recipe was invented in 1995 by Greg Rogers, an assistant manager of a Starbucks Store on Santa Monica's Third Street Promenade and was launched on April Fool's Day in 1995. The original frappuccino is a blend of ice and a mix constituted of coffee, water, milk, and various syrups. The result is a beverage that is a little icy like a slush, but with a consistency that is similar to a thin milkshake FILTERING a machine for percolating espresso one or preparing coffee as a drink by passing the boiling water repeatedly through the ground beans. HARVEST gathering in the ripened crops Macchiato A small strong coffee with a delicate first impression created by placing a small amount of foamed milk on top of the cream. Served in a demitasse cup or glass. A shot or two of espresso that has been poured into a cup filled with steamed milk and topped off with foamed milk (about a 1/4†³). MARKET a meeting of people for buying and selling merchandise RESTAURANT place for food and entertainment SEASON a period of time when something plentiful SUBTROPICAL the regions bordering on tropics SUGAR a white crystalline substance obtain from sugar cane TEA a shrub growing in china mixed with water VARIETY diversity, an assortment Questionnaire Please check the answer that suits for you 1. Do you love drinking coffee? __ Yes __ No 2. How often do you drink coffee? __ Once a day __ Twice a day __ 3 times or more 3. Do you prefer cheap coffees to expensive ones? __Yes __No 4. Which Coffee Products do you prefer? __Espresso __Brewed Coffee __Cappuccino __Frapuccino 5. Which do you prefer? __ Hot Coffee __ Cold Coffee CHAPTER II MARKETING ASPECT INDUSTRY PROFILE Coffee Shop industry in the Philippines is now flourishing because of the coming of different imported coffee shop usually from US. Unlike before when coffee shops were rarely found, now they are sprouting like mushrooms everywhere. The known ones are Starbucks Coffee, Seattle’s Best Coffee, Gloria Jeans, Coffee Bean and others. We only knew one which is Filipino owned, Figaro. Seeing their success in this industry, we would also like to have a share in the market and eventually outgrow those aliens. The competition will be tough, but still we are certain to have a â€Å"slice of the pie† through our extravagant coffee and service, with the lowest price as possible. Coffee shop is one of the most important establishments nowadays. Filipino loves to drink coffee. It is the place where everyone is longing for. As population increases, demands for coffee are also increase. These give opportunities for some establishment for coffee shop to become stable for its operation and its investor to become profitable. The present administration is inviting and encouraging entrepreneurs to put up small and medium scale establishments because it will create a big impact to the present status of our economy. Consumer taste and personal income drive demand. The profitability of individual companies depends on the ability to secure prime locations, drive store traffic, and deliver high-quality products. Large companies have advantages in purchasing, finance, and marketing. Small companies can compete effectively by offering specialized products, serving a local market, or providing superior customer service. Major products include beverages and food. Beverages include brewed coffee and tea; espresso drinks (cappuccinos, cafe lattes); cold blended beverages; bottled water; soft drinks; and juices. Food includes pastries, bakery items, desserts, sandwiches, and candy. Many coffee shops sell whole or ground coffee beans for home consumption. Some coffee shops sell coffee or espresso-making equipment, grinders, mugs, and other accessories. Most coffee shops serve high-quality, premium coffee known as specialty coffee. Coffee shops compete with businesses such as convenience stores, gas stations, quick service and fast food restaurants, gourmet food shops, and donut shops. DESCRIPTION AND USES OF THE PRODUCT Daniel’s Cafe offers a different flavor of coffee. Here in the properties of the products, the partners would like tell the necessary and mostly the basic in making the different flavors of coffee. It is nice to know how the products became as tasteful, what are the procedures, the ingredients that go into certain products. The Daniel’s Cafe will operate a self- service basis. The customer service starts their entry to the establishment. After the waiter crew had taken the orders an transmitted them to the food counter, customers are lined-up to pay their bills to the cashier. After the payment, the respective orders are served and the customers choose and sit on the tables an start to enjoy their coffee and food POPULATION / CONSUMER BEHAVIOR The progressive town of Manila. It has of population with in the vicinity. It is also accessible to some cities or town like Pasay, Quezon City, Marikina, Antipolo, Makati an etc. So even passerby may be attracted to our coffee shop. We want to cater to classes A, B, and C of the society who can affor our prices and amenities. Recreation is another thing we can offer. If they want to have fun an relaxation, Daniel’s Cafe is where they would want to be. DEMAND ANALYSIS To determined the historical demand of certain business is very important because this will serve as a guide for the computation of the future demand. It will based on the number of the target market. It is greatly needed to identify the demand situation. Our group conduct interview and distributed questionnaire near the location to acquire the necessary and needed information. Historical Demand Table 1 YEAR |DEMAND | |2008 |63,000 | |2009 |64,000 | |2010 |66,000 | |2011 |69. 000 | Projected Demand Table 2 YEAR |DEMAND | |2012 |63,544 | |2013 |64,523 | |2014 |65,675 | |2015 |66,554 | |2016 |66,777 | |2017 |67,999 | Supply Analysis Table 3 PRODUCT |2010 |2011 |2012 | |Coffee |9000 |10,000 |11,000 | |Sugar |9,000 |10,000 |11,000 | |Cream |7,000 |9,000 |12,000 | |Ice |5,000 |6,000 |7,000 | |Milk 4,000 |5,000 |6,000 | |Whip Cream |11,000 |12,000 |13,000 | |Choco |9,000 |10,000 |11,000 | |Iced Tea |11,000 |12,000 |13,000 | |Mocha |4,000 |5,000 |6,000 | |Strawberry |6,000 |7,000 |8,000 | |Mango |9,000 |10,000 |11,000 | |Apple |12,000 |13,000 |14,000 | |Berries |3,000 |4,000 |5,000 | |Other Fruits |6,000 |7,000 |8,000 | DEMANDS AND SUPPLY CONSOLIDATION It is the overall consolidation of supply and demand for the first year operation. Through this we could determine if the company will provide the required number of orders by saying solution or by having between supply and demand based in our findings the supply must than the demand it means that the consumers will not satisfy the product it means the market. PURCHASES Raw Materials Espresso Shot |Caffe latte | | | | |1 tsp espresso |1 tsp espresso | |? cup of steamed milk |? cup steamed milk | |1 tsp foamed milk |? cup foamed milk | |? cup aromatic cream |? up hot water | |? cup of hot water | | |Cappucino |Caffe Mocha | | | | |1/4 cup foamed milk |? cup whipped cream | |? cup steamed milk |? teamed milk | |1/4 cup espresso |1 tsp espresso | | |1 tsp mocha syrup | |Creamy Chocolate Frosting |Daniel’s Coffee | | | | |2 ? confectioners sugar |? steamed milk | |6 T unsweetened cocoa power |? rewed coffee | |6 T butter |1 tsp sugar | |5 T evaporated milk | | |1 T vanilla extract | | |Daniel’s Hot Tea |Satiny Chocolate Glaze | | | | |1 tsp brooked bond tea |? cup semisweet chocolate cake | |1 tsp sugar |3 T butter | |? cup steamed milk |? teaspoon vanilla extract | |? up hot water | | |Banana Brownie Cake |Rock Cake | | | | |1 cup all purpose cream |125 g strong flour | |3 T butter |100 ml milk | |1 T butter |125 g soft flour | |? t vanilla extract |10 g baking powder | |1 L ripe banana |Few drops lemon essence | |1 cup sugar |60 g mixed fruit egg wash | |2 egg whites |125 g margarine or butter | |? up buttermilk |25 g granulated sugar | |1 tsp vanilla extract |125 g castor sugar | | |1 egg | |Apple Cake |Cream of Chicken Soup | | | | |3 app les |125 g butter | |? up butter |125 g flour | |2 eggs |2 liters white chicken stock | |1 cup milk |200 ml cream | |3 cups all purpose flour |50 g butter | |1 tsp salt | | |Cream of Asparagus Soup |Cream of Cauliflower soup | | | | |125 g butter |125 g butter | |125 g flour |125 g flour | |2 L vegetable stock |2. L of vegetable stock | |800 g asparagus stalks |1 K cauliflower | |200 ml cream |1 bouquet | |50 g butter |200 ml cream | |Salt and pepper |50 g butter | |Cream of Mushroom Soup |Crumb | | | | |125 g butter |? cup flour | |125 g flour |? up sugar | |2 liters vegetable stock |1 cinnamon | |800 g mushroom |Dash nutmeg | |200 ml cream | | |50 g butter | | |Salt an pepper | | MARKETING STRATEGY/ MARKET PLANNING/ MARKET SEGMENTATION To attract different costumers business should have different strategies regarding their products and packing to satisfy the needs or wants of their costumers. A product is which produced by nature, labor, though and chemical change. PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY/ ACTIVITY We propose to have very heavy advertising by news paper, pamphlets, billboard and radio announcements as time passes the advertising will be weekly and monthly basis. Under the heading of sales promotion are many schemes deviser to ohld and attract costumer the proposed coffee shop will utilize different promotional materials such a different style of menu card, brochures, banners to attract costumers. Our target market is an urban place with many business establishments around having this set up, it will be easy for us to have more potential customers and be easy accessible to all. PRICING STRATEGY Since Daniel Cafe is using differentiation in quality of food and services as well in pricing too. Pricing of good is very important in competitive activity that’s why Paul’s Cafe comes up with low prices strategy. Its competitors are having quit higher prices that Paul’s Cafe SELLING PRICE/ COST PER UNIT People now a day would buy the best product in a lowest possible price. Our goal in prixing is to achieve the investment of the net sales, to stabilize prize and to improve market share and maximize the profit. Hot Drinks |8 oz |16 oz | |Brewed Coffee |39 Php |69 Php | |Espresso |45 Php |65 Php | |Cappuccino |45 Php |79 Php | |Cafe Latte |55 Php |75 Php | |Cafe Mocha |59 Php |79 Php | |Chocolate |45 Php |69 Php | |Steamed Milk |55 Php |67 Php | |Americano |66 Php | 79 Php | Cold Drinks |12 oz | |Ice Coffee |49 Php | |Decaf |59 Php | |Ice Cappucino |59 Php | |Ice Mocha |85 Php | |Ice Latte |69 Php | |Iced Tea |45 Php | |Chocolate |77 Php | |Chilled Milk |88 Php | CHAPTER III PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONAL ASPECT DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION PROCESS Production or Operational Aspect is important for every business. Business will be nothing without this aspect. The use of flow chart could help show the sequence of and the relationship of work until to another. First in the operation of Daniel’s Cafe is purchasing of much needed supply that is good for one month use of operation. Then this supply goes to designated operation channel, the ingredients needed in the operation for the one month will go directly in the coffee station. The production of goods will be at the business site itself. The Operational Aspect is very broad aspect. It focuses on the whole operation of the business from making the product to serving. He process should be well organized to produce a good quality of product at low operational cost. Daniel’s cafe offers a different flavor of coffee. Here in the properties of the products, the partners would like tell the necessary and mostly the basic in making the different flavors of coffee. It is nice to know how the products became as tasteful, what are the procedures, the ingredients that go into a certain products. OPERATING HOURS PAUL’S CAFE opens at 10:00 in the morning everyday to accommodate the early lunch crowd. It closes at 10:00 in the evening from Saturday to Sundays and at 12 midnight every Monday to Friday. It will operate 7 days a week. DESIGNING PRODUCTION FACILITY FLOOR PLAN PLANT LOCATION The business will be located at Robinson’s Place Manila. The site was chosen because it is strategically located in the middle of business or commercial district of Pedro Gil and school areas. The location and the size of the are to be rented are suitable to our proposed project. Hence, the area is accessible to any mode of transportation. PROFILE OF PLANT LOCATION PLANT LAYOUT The plant layout for the business should be drawn by the engineer in accordance with the design preferred by the partners it was located at Robinson’s place Ermita. It was a coffee garden style model. The area is about 61 square meters and it will be divided as the business required. It was a one story building but it has terraced outside and a parking lot for more convenient of our customers. PROPERTY PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Espresso Machine Tea BrewersCoffee Decanters Decanters Gourmet WhipBlendersTables and Chairs INTERNAL CONTROL The proponents will maintain policy relative to the maintenance of accuracy and cleanliness in the work place. Garbage can and bags be distributed outside and inside. The next is the price of materials, the partners will look for the sources that can supply the quality raw materials at lower cost. Utilities are very important to our proposed business. The electricity, which supplies power for our coffee shop without the electricity the business, cannot continue for its operation. We need electricity for the lights, and for the machines making the coffee product. Electricity will coordinate to the office of MERALCO. Supply of water will also be important for us to be able to maintain the cleanliness of our business. Manila water will be our chosen supplier. Another important utility is telephone, which is used for communicating consumers and suppliers. The Philippine Long Distance Company will install this. QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES The secret of good food lies in strict control. A quality control procedure id to be set up at Daniel’s Cafe that requires strict adherence from everybody. The manager will be held responsible for its strict implementation. Strict adherence to recipes is closely monitored and controlled to achieve the goal of standardized to quality. The recipes should have exact measurements and weights of the ingredients, the preparation and mixing instruction as well as the approved and tested substitution of the original recipe. One of the required policies that a coffee shop should implement is cleanliness of the business; we are looking forward to a coffee shop that will give our customer a welcome and relaxing ambience s they enter and realized the beauty of our coffee shop, offering good services and product. It is our one way of inviting customer to patronize our business. We assure our customers that our products will be dispose properly, on a right place for the assurance of their safety. CHAPTER IV ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT ASPECT TYPE OF ORGANIZATION Partnership A partnership is a type of business entity in which partners (owners) share with each other the profits or losses of the business. Partnerships are often favored over corporations for taxation purposes, as the partnership structure does not generally incur a tax on profits before it is distributed to the partners (i. e. there is no dividend tax levied). However, depending on the partnership structure and the jurisdiction in which it operates, owners of a partnership may be exposed to greater personal liability than they would as shareholders of a corporation. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE Organizational structure are diagram forms representing the important aspect of an organization including their major functions and their corresponding relationship, the channels of supervision and the relative authority of each employees in charge of their respective function. The proposed business venture is intended to create market and to render processing services at affordable price. Taking into accounts is the size of the business its importance to determined the appropriate organizational structure which sole proprietorship, partnership or corporation. The proposed name will be â€Å"DANIEL’S CAFE†. The organizational structure will serve as useful tools in helping visualize the organization. The structure will indicate the difference function to be performed, the grouping relationship with one another. This will also serve as guide for everyone to know whom he/she will report. In making the organizational structure there are things to be considered. The first one is the efficiency that will come to the specialization, second is clarity of job definition. Internally, the company will employ laborers including the manager. The role of all partners will analyzed the flow of the business and will monitor from time to time. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE PERSONNEL AND LABORER REQUIREMENTS The proposed business implemented by establishing in the DANIEL’S CAFE shall consist of the following workers and personnel. |POSITION |NUMBER OF EMPLOYEESS | |GENERAL MANAGER |1 | |ADMIN SUPERVISOR |1 | |ACCOUNTANT |1 | |PURCHASER |1 |CLERK |1 | |CREW |3 | |CASHIER |1 | |SECURITY GUARD |1 | DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES MANAGER – Plans and organized for the operation of the business – Concern with planning activities and establishing goals and objectives – Responsible for organizing appropriate structure, staffing, directing and motivating employees to attain those objectives – Responsible for decision making Concern with controlling and evaluating employee’s performance SUPERVISOR – Must know all the operational transactions in the business – Responsible to establish an effective means of administrative control which will permit appropriate delegation on authority – Responsible of his subordinate ACCOUNTANT – S hall be responsible for the costing, recording and preparation of financial statements – Shall check daily sales reports of the coffee shop PURCHASER – Responsible to purchase all the inventory of the restaurant CASHIER – Responsible for the custody and safe keeping of cash receipts from customers – Prepares daily cash sales and disbursement reports – Able to entertain the customers CREW He/ she is responsible in assisting the customers, and attaining to the customers demand – He / she provide the maintenance of cleanliness of the store area COMPENSATION SCHEME/ SALARY AND WAGES Compensation is defined as the adequate and equitable remuneration of personnel for their contribution to organization objectives. Some recent morale surveys tended to minimize the importance of monetary income to employees SALARY WAGES GANTT CHART/ PROJECTED TIME TABLE In estimating a business like coffee shop, it has to undergo different activities to be able to pu rsue such kind of business. There are schedules for different activities that the business has to make and ensure that even actual operation of the business. GANTT CHART | | | | | | | | |ACTIVITIES |JULY |AUGUST |SEPT |OCT |NOV |DEC |JAN | PREPARATION | | | | | | | | | LICENSED AND PERMIT | | | | | | | | | RENOVATION | | | | | | | | | PURCHASE OF MATERIAL | | | | | | | | | NORMAL OPERATION | | | | | | | | | FEASIBILITY Proposed Study on Establishing Coffee Cafe At _______________ ———————– PURCHASER CLERK SERVICE CREW (3) CASHIER SECURITY GUARD ACCOUNTANT ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISOR MANAGER

Children and Mrs Lyons Essay Example

Children and Mrs Lyons Essay Example Children and Mrs Lyons Essay Children and Mrs Lyons Essay The contrast of Mrs. Johnstone having several children but little money and Mrs. Lyons having no children but a lot of money is an important point put across by Russell. He is showing that despite her wealth, Mrs. Lyons, leads an empty life without children, especially with her husband being away for long periods. Whereas Mrs. Johnstone despite her troubles in raising her large family is much more fulfilled and content of the two. This is depicted throughout the play and particularly in the following exchange; MRS JOHNSTONE: Ah, youll be glad when hes (Mr Lyons) back wont you? The house wont feel so empty then, will it? MRS LYONS: Actually, Mrs J, we bought such large house for the-for the children we thought children would come along. MRS JOHNSTONE: Well y might still be able to. MRS LYONS: No, Im afraid weve trying for such a long time now This conversation early on in the play states that she cant have any children and Mrs Lyons carries on saying that she wont mind adopting. This suggests that Mrs Lyons is desperate to have a child, even if she had to adopt. This is further enhanced soon after when; MRS JOHNSTONE: Are y are y that desperate to have a baby? MRS LYONS (singing): Each day I look out from this window, I see him with his friends, I hear him call, I rush down but as I fold my arms round him, hes gone. Was he ever there at all? Ive dreamed of all the places I would take him Mrs. Lyons situation of despair with respect to not having children is extremely well brought out through the emotional song. Mrs. Johnstones love for all her children despite not having the means to look after them is reinforced by her following statement: MRS JOHNSTONE: With one more baby we could have managed. But not with two. The Welfare have already been on to me. They say Im incapable of controllin the kids Ive already got. They say I should put some of them into care. But I wont. I love the bones of every one of them. Ill even love these two when they come along. But. Mrs Lyons is very well respected in the community and Mrs Johnstone is not, which is a reflection of the social class and wealth divide that existed. Russell shows this through the policeman, when theres trouble concerning the twin brothers Mickey and Edward. The policeman treats Mickeys mother, Mrs Johnstone as an outcast and talks down to her, he becomes authoritative and threatening, and he describes the incident as a serious crime. He says Either you keep them in order, misses, or itll be the courts for you or worse. Telling therell be no more bloody warnings. Towards Mr and Mrs Lyons, Edwards so called parents, he is respectful, and he removes his helmet. He recognises them to having a higher status as a result of their wealth and acts quite differently. He is nervous and hesitates when speaking playing down Eddies involvement, an er, as I say, it was more of a prank, really. The policeman uses one phrase which sums up the social gulf between rich and poor, make sure he keeps with his own kind, Mr Lyons. Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons are also different in their beliefs. Mrs Johnstone is extremely superstitious. She always believes in bad luck, when she sees a certain action, she interprets it as a bad sign. An example of this is when she says, Oh God, Mrs Lyons, never put new shoes on the table. Coming from a working class background Mrs Johnstone believes in such superstitions (though she denies it by saying, Im not superstitious). At the beginning Mrs Lyons doesnt take her serious. She makes a fool of her superstitions and takes advantage of it by telling her some threads when they seal the pact. At the end though, she notices the bad results and starts to doubt herself. It is also very evident that Mrs Lyons sometimes thinks herself to be better than Mrs Johnstone because of her higher social status and the money she owns. But this is rather a natural condition because every person of the upper class has this opinion about the people belonging to the working class. Also both mothers have different personalities, in terms of their different accents. Mrs Johnstone use slang a lot and has a broad Liverpudlian accent, this is shown through her language, e. g. when she says, are y are y that desperate to have a baby? This slang language stresses the lack of her education. However on the other hand Mrs Lyons is well spoken, traditional of the middle and higher classes suggesting a good education and elocution lessons. Russell shows this difference of accents in the two mothers through a number of techniques. One of the main techniques he uses is the punctuation and spelling of words. This is used by Russell to help show how characters are speaking e. g. (missing letters out words), this then lets us; the audience know how they are feeling or what they are doing, for example answering a question. Also he uses misspelt words to develop Mrs Johnstones Liverpudlian accent. Through Blood Brothers Russell encourages the audience to challenge the assumption that money equates to happiness. We are influenced to sympathise with Mrs. Johnstone and grow to understand that despite her background and lack of money she is the better parent. This challenges any assumption that suggests wealth would lead to a better, happier upbringing. Throughout Blood Brothers, the audiences sympathy lies with Mrs. Johnstone (portrayed as a simpleton but very caring and sensitive) we know that she gives her own son away, but we see that it is with good intentions, and despite her lack of money and her numerous children, we feel she could give Eddie a happier, more loving childhood. Of course both women are in a tug of war over Eddie. Mrs. Lyons tries to make Eddie her own, bringing him up the way she desires; however Eddie still finds his way back to his roots. Mrs. Lyons suffers a dreadful insecurity as a result of this, revealing herself as an obsessive and quite aggressive character. All through the play we view the idea of surrogacy as a dangerous concept. We see from the very beginning that Mrs. Johnstone is reluctant to give away her own child, and in turn we witness Mrs. Lyons manipulative nature as she coerces Mrs. Johnstone into parting with her son. It is important to note that at the beginning both mothers get on very well with each other complimenting their different backgrounds, and showing this through expressing mutual support. Mrs. Johnstone sympathises with Mrs. Lyons because she cannot have children and Mrs. Lyons prepared to listen to her troubles. However this relationship sours when they battle for Eddie, with Mrs. Lyons darker side (esp. possessive and obsessive nature) coming to the forefront whereas Mrs. Johnstone throughout maintains a kind and reasonable approach. Russell is trying to show that when pushed to the extremes Mrs. Johnstone, with her tougher upbringing, is better at maintaining her personal standards whereas Mrs. Lyons is very fragile and resorts to the extremes of her negative characteristics. Thus Russell shows brilliantly the notion that adversity builds character, and wealth does not make you or improve you as a person. In summary Willy Russell has managed successfully, through character relationships, to explore some very important issues e. g. impact on character of the social class system, fate and destiny, surrogacy, superstition and humour and tragedy. In particular he has been effective in comparing two very different characters in the form of the turbulent relationship between Mrs. Johnstone and Mrs. Lyons and indeed relating their formed characters to the social class. The overall effects that Russell gains by presenting these two mothers in this way is a lot of tension, fear and suspense by doing a number of things through the music, stage directions and the narrator. The things that Russell does to create these effects of fear and suspense are that he uses the music, which is very dramatic to make the people feel tensed and also Russell uses the music or the song to show the argument between the two mothers. This song is an emotional one and so Russell makes the audience also feel like this. Likewise, he uses the stage directions and the narrator to show this emotional theme. I think that Russell did a tremendous job by using a lot of effects to present the two mothers in this way. All of the play was set around these two mothers, so that is why I think Russell used them to develop the storyline e. g. the social class split between them, rich and poor, educated, not educated etc. Also I loved the way that he ended the story, And do we blame superstition for what came to pass? Or could it be what we, the English, have come to know as class?

Dark Tourism And Ethical Issues Tourism Essays

Dark Tourism And Ethical Issues Tourism Essays Dark Tourism And Ethical Issues Tourism Essay Dark Tourism And Ethical Issues Tourism Essay Abstraction The research undertaking aimed to make a critical analysis of the ethical issues of dark touristry. Six research aims were set out to assist accomplish this purpose. In the procedure of garnering relevant information on this subject, an analysis of dark touristry throughout the old ages will be done, followed by the committedness of different writers.Furthermore, by examine in deepness both the consumers and suppliers point of positions to farther understand the ethical quandary of dark touristry, the research undertaking will foreground the chief jobs that occur within this sector of touristry.Secondary research has been chosen as a chief research method. A broad assortment of literature was gathered on the construct of civilization and touristry by utilizing a snowball sampling of secondary literature. This type of sampling was carried out by utilizing the writers list of mentions to foreground other articles that might be of relevancy.The findings indicated that, it may be possible to province that ethical issues will ever go on to be around dark touristry, as long dark touristry itself exists excessively.Recommendation has been given on the importance of the consideration of the ethicalities of dark touristry. As decision indicated, ethical issues can non be understated, and both consumers and suppliers may desire to work together, if in the hereafter, we still would wish to cognize about our history through the signifier of touristry alternatively through text editions and instruction. Introduction Hall ( 1998 ) states that touristry is the universe s largest industry, and it is expected to go on to turn, develop and keep. The tourer industry is a major economic, environmental and socio-cultural force, and it becomes a life style for 1000000s of people on our planet. Its good consequence on the development of political, societal, cultural dealingss and international dealingss on a planetary graduated table has become an obvious fact to all states around the universe. ( Meethan, 2001 )Over the last half century it is seeing that tourers have long been attracted to topographic points or events associated in one manner or another with decease, catastrophe and agony. ( Stone, 2009a ) All these sites and many more which are similar, are what are called sites for dark touristry harmonizing to chief theoreticians John Lennon and Malcolm Foley, besides known as Thanatourism ( Seaton, 1996 cited in Ryan et Al, 2005 ) and Black Spots ( Rojek, 1997 ) . This signifier of touristry is w hat Seaton ( 1999 ) defines is about going to sites associated with decease, agony and other tragic events that have become important tourist finishs. In fact, the act of touristic travel to topographic points of decease, war, race murder, blackwash and catastrophes is going the most underdeveloped subdivision of touristry during the past old ages and cultural activity within modern-day society.At the same clip, there is grounds of a greater willingness or desire on the portion of tourers to see dark attractive forces and the sites of dark events. ( Stone, 2009a ) For illustration, 1000s of tourers come to Pont de lAlma Road Tunnel in Paris, to put flowers and light tapers in unofficial commemoration of Princess Diana of Wales, where she died in auto accident.With the turning popularity of this sort of touristry within the dark touristry market ( Tunbridge and Ashworth, 1996 ) , the ethical issues environing it will necessitate to be enquired. Ethical motives plays a function in ab out every concern related determination. ( Hartman, 1998 ) With the consumers and suppliers take parting in this growing of phenomenon of dark touristry, as they potentially contrasting ethical positions towards dark touristry may be different.Whereas a suppliers agencies of continuing history is to bear down people to keep its upkeep, the consumers may see it as money doing strategy in the disbursal of the asleep lives of the site. Whereas the suppliers agencies of allowing people know its history is through reading of vulgar images, may look unethically unpleasant for consumers. The thesis will concentrate on the inquiry of moralss in dark touristry, thereby progressing cognition and apprehension of dark touristry itself. Purpose The purpose of the undertaking is a critical analysis of the ethical issue of dark touristry. Whether the decease could be sold and consumed throw dark attractive forces and national calamities. Aims To specify Dark TourismTo specify the construct of moralssTo analyze in deepness both the consumers and suppliers point of positions to farther understand the ethical quandary of dark touristry.To utilize Stone ( 2006 ) s shades of darkness spectrum as a tool for mensurating different degrees of dark touristry sitesTo set up a conceptual ethical model for the survey of selling provocative narrations of national calamity in heritage state of affairssTo propose recommendations on the ethical issues Rationale Despite the long history of dark touristry and grounds of travel to sites associated with decease, the academic attending on this phenomenon has late appeared. As a consequence, a figure of cardinal inquiries with regard to dark touristry remain unreciprocated. ( Stone, 2009a )This subject has been chosen due to a deficiency of research carried out on ethical and moral issues of dark touristry. The undertaking can be utile to derive more cognition into the subject of dark touristry.The survey of dark touristry is of import for a figure of grounds. It can be used for educational intents of wider societal involvement or for agencies of enjoyment. In relation to this Stone.R ( 2009, p.7 ) provinces: aˆÂ ¦ Dark touristry provides the chance for tourers to see playful houses of horror, discover topographic points of pilgrims journey such as the Gravess or decease sites of celebrated people or see sites of major catastrophes or atrociousnesss However, all these attractive forces requ ire a deep apprehension within cultural, societal, historical and political context, effectual reading and development. Otherwise the nature of dark touristry, in peculiar, the arguments and conflicts it represent, will indicate to a figure of issues that demand scrutiny and understanding, such as moralss and morality.Whether people visit these sites for recollection, instruction or amusement intents, there will be one quandary associating to many dark attractive forces: if it is ethical and moral to sell, advance or offer decease for touristic ingestion. For illustration, 1000000s of tourers stop alongside with those, who mourning the loss of loved 1s, to see where the World Trade Center one time stood in New York.In order to research the quandary of the moralss and morality of dark touristry, it is necessary to gain that dark touristry is intriguing, affectional and provocative and it is of import to research many characteristics of dark touristry, which may be perceived unethical by some people.Stone ( 2009a ) provinces: aˆÂ ¦Consequently, the moralss of dark tourismA are possibly portion of the broader research docket. Ultimately, from this research a Fuller apprehension of dark tourismA shall be made, and therefore cognition of the phenomenon advanced. Naturally, anyone researching dark touristry should see the moralss of their research, in peculiar how information is both collected and presented Furthermore a instance survey will be conducted in order to hold a closer expression at the state of affairs and the major jobs happening sing ethical issues of dark touristry.In add-on, the research worker is originally interested in dark touristry phenomenon. For the past 2 old ages the research worker has visited the legion topographic points of decease and catastrophe such as Chernobyl, and has noticed that it is going progressively popular. The research worker besides found out that, for 2 old ages at that place are legion measure of arguments on peculi ar quandary, which will be analysed in the thesis.It is hoped that this survey will hold an impact on understanding dark touristry. In add-on, it is besides hoped that this undertaking will pull more attending to ethical issues and supply a new point of position for those, who does non accept truth and reality of dark sites or attractive forces. Literature Review Roberts ( 2004, p.73 ) defines a literature reappraisal as, aˆÂ ¦locating, analyzing, synthesizing and construing old researchaˆÂ ¦ This subdivision will be used to set up theoretical model, place theoretical accounts and surveies and specify cardinal nomenclature in relation to dark touristry and moralss. All research that has been conducted will be presented within this subdivision. An in-depth reappraisal of the literature has been done in order to garner relevant information on dark touristry itself and ethical issues throughout the old ages. The literature matrix illustrates the chief countries which are perceived to be the most of import in relation to the subject of dark touristry ethical issues. By making a literature reappraisal matrix, it would assist the research worker contrast and compare the writer s work easy. As a consequence by transporting out a elaborate reappraisal of the literature it could perchance place of import inquiries, cardinal issues and noti ceable spreads within the current cognition on the subject. Dark Tourism: Definitions Merely in recent old ages that it has been together referred to as dark touristry, travel to topographic points associated with decease, catastrophe and devastation has occurred every bit long as people have been able to go. In many instances there is no clear definition of this touristry niche.Although, the term dark touristry was foremost created by Foley and Lennon ( 1996a, B ) . For Foley and Lennon, the term dark touristry relates chiefly to the presentation and ingestion ( by visitants ) of existent and commodii ¬?ed decease and catastrophe sites ( 1996a:198 ) ; a wide dei ¬?nition subsequently rei ¬?ned by their averment that dark touristry is an hint of post-modernity ( Lennon andFoley 2000:11 ) .At the same clip, another nomenclature has been applied to the phenomenon. Seaton ( 1996 ) refers to death-related tourer activity as thanatourism , while other labels include morbid touristry ( Blom, 2000 ) , Rojek ( 1993 ) offered a Black Spot touristry definition, gri ef touristry and milking the macabre ( Dann, 1994:61 ) .However, there is a factor, which is common to all these footings of touristry. It is all about association, in one signifier or another, between a touristry site, attractive force or experience and decease, catastrophe of enduring. As a consequence, definitions of dark touristry focal point on connexion between touristry and decease. Tarlow ( 2005:48 ) , for illustration, gives designation for dark touristry as trials to topographic points where calamities or historically notable decease has occurred and that continue to impact our lives , a definition that aligns dark touristry slightly hardly to certain sites and intimations at peculiar motivations. Miles ( 2002 ) states that, nevertheless it excludes many dark sited and attractive forces related to, while non needfully the site of, decease and catastrophe.Therefore, for the intents of this research undertaking, the writer will specify dark touristry, harmonizing to Ston e ( 2006, a ) merely and by and large as the act of travel to sites associated with decease, agony and the apparently ghastly . Ethical motives Rock ( 2006, a ) states that moralss and the morality of selling provocative and sensitive narrative through heritage to the touring and sing community is more constituted and documented job of dark touristry.Ethical motives have been conceptualised as a set of regulations and rules, refering rightful behavior based on our most profoundly held values, the things we most cherish and the things we most despise. ( Lieberman, 2000 ) . The term can besides mention to the systematic survey of manner of believing about how we ought to act and happening a rational manner of how we ought to populate .Ethical motives and morality suggest a set of responsibilities that require subordination of natural desires in order to obey the moral jurisprudence ( Singer, 1994 ) . The twentieth century saw philosophers nearing the job of the beginning of moralss as something unapproachable. Among the most publicized conceptual minds in the field of moralss have been ( Singer, 1994:18 ) :Thrasymachus ( fourth century ) and the thesis that moralss are imposed on the weak by the strong ;Socrates ( fourth century ) and the thesis that the swayer is non concerned with his ain involvements, but with that of the topic ;Hobbes ( seventeenth century ) and his statement that moralss give the swayer a right to to command and to be complied ;Nietzsche ( nineteenth century ) who proposed morality is the creative activity of the herd ( led more fear than hope ) Ethical motives and Moralisation in Tourism There are legion schools of ideas and sentiments, and literature on the board topic of moralss is prevailing. What is more important in the state of affairs of the dark touristry is proposing a conceptual ethical model for the analysis of supplying and selling provocative narrations of countrywide calamity in heritage scenes. This survey is concerned with two chief and obvious parts of moralss and morality as follows: Business moralss and the extent to which concerns within the heritage industry which communicate a dark narrative to the sing public see their patterns to be ethical ( Stone, 2006, a ) Personal morality and the extent to which these frequently provocative narrations are received and are passable harmonizing to the moral rules of visitants from widely changing cultural backgrounds. ( Stone, 2006, a )Harmonizing to Stone ( 2006, a ) the term business moralss has been described at the extreme as an oxymoron in the corporate universe since some argue that morality, as B utcher ( 2003 ) provinces, is per se absent in capitalist entrepreneurial ventures . At the minute the issue of concern moralss is a conspicuous topic pulling attending from a figure of communities of involvement, such as consumers, force per unit area groups and the media ( Strange and Kempa, 2003 ) .Harmonizing to Crane A ; Matten ( 2007 ) , corporate societal duty is a dominant strand of the converse of concern moralss and has been contrived to mention to the inexplicit procedure of pass oning a legal and institutional corporate model within which a responsibility of attention ( to people, the environment and employees among others ) is implied .For dark touristry, it has non been to the full elaborated upon in this context since there present different jobs in pass oning the societal duty of these types of heritage sites, such as:The esotericism in the range of what is morally acceptable to assorted communities of involvement: is there a hierarchal order of attention or dut y that must be demonstrated? Stone ( 2006, a ) provides illustration of Auschwitz as the most responsible manner to acknowledge visitants in conformity with the moral and ethical codifications of the relations of captives and victims, but besides with the moral rules of other visitant types such as Polish visitants, immature visitants. Conflicts of involvement, harmonizing to Ryan et Al ( 2005 ) , are common in heritage but more morally charged where the narration is provocative and contested Is it ethical to follow another national calamity and instill it with new national discourse? Cole ( 1999a ) provides this in a context of the United States Holocaust commemoration Museum which he disputes Americanises European Judaic calamity, repacking Holocaust for American mass ingestion in theater, touristry and heritage.In general, these discourses of corporate societal duty are present in linguistic communication of many operations therefore far defined as being in the dark touristr y concern Stone ( 2006a ) provinces, that traditionally, touristry moralss are discussed in the context of touristry as a major economic engine that can bring mayhem on the environment and can negatively anneal the influence host communities in finishs imagined as culturally sensitive Cheong and Miller ( 2000 ) discuss touristry moralss in footings of normalizing what is acceptable or non acceptable, and an inspecting regard influenced by the use of imagination in touristry selling .Tourism activity offers a rare, discernible signifier of ethical behavior. Tourists vote with their pess and demonstrate in sing dark heritage sites that these are morally acceptable infinites to busy. Ethical discourses linked to the production and ingestion of contested heritage sites are shaped and maintained by many voices Stone ( 2006a ) . The issue of retrieving calamity and subjugation in heritage sites and to whom memory is entrusted, is at the Centre of academic argument environing truth and appropriate narrations broadcast by dark touristry sites. Summary of the literature reappraisal Issues in literature reappraisal has been addressed which stress the importance of the different definitions to cultural touristry suggested by different writers. The consequences of this literature reappraisal have enabled the writer to finish the first aim of the survey by showing an apprehension of the ethical issues of dark touristry, what dark touristry itself is and what ethical model is. Using a broad scope of modern academic positions has helped to exemplify significance of dark touristry moralss academic position, which can be used in the undermentioned chapters in reexamining the chief findings of the survey undertaken. The matrix figure provides a sum-up of the chief points generated by each academic paper and comparisons and contrasts the assorted writers positions.The matrix figure illustrates the context of cultural touristry referred to in academic documents and books utilized in the literature reappraisal. It demonstrates that the sentiments of the different writers are both different and similar. Methodology This subdivision of thesis is traveling to analyze the different research methods used within this undertaking. In order to do this research undertaking successful, it is of import that appropriate research methods or techniques have to be chosen. The intent of a methodological analysis is to show, explicate and warrant the research methods used in this thesis. Harmonizing to Krippendorff ( 2004 ) the intent of a methodological analysis is to assist the research worker efficaciously program and analyze the logic, composing and protocols of the research methods that have been used in research undertaking. The research worker will show a sum-up of the beginnings of information gathered ; a description of the process used to obtain information and the assorted research methods will be discussed. Furthermore, by finishing the methodological analysis it will show how a systematic probe was applied into the subject of dark touristry. Choice of Research Design Secondary Datas Crisp et Al. ( 2002, p139 ) define two classs of informations which are: primary informations that the research worker collects through observations, interviews, questionnaires and etc. ; and secondary informations that have been collected by other old research workers.As the writer of this thesis has already mentioned before, in order to execute this research undertaking in successful manner, two classs of informations and different research methods should be investigated. This research undertaking will be chiefly based on secondary research because the primary research is non needed as all the information is already available through secondary research beginnings, such as books, diaries and newspapers. What is more, in order to accomplish the purpose that has to be investigated, the best method of research would be secondary research.To heighten the bing but really small grounds of the posed subject, secondary research was gathered. Ghosh and Chopra ( 2003, p.33 ) define the term s econdary research as: information which are already in being and collected by others, non by the research worker and are available in published and unpublished signifiers Secondary research was chosen as the quickest and the easiest manner to entree and is the most cost effectual attack to this research undertaking as good. Veal ( 2006 ) confirms this by saying that secondary informations frequently provides research workers with rapid replies to some inquiries at less cost than it would to undergo primary research. Furthermore, if there is adequate secondary research to establish the survey on so it would be a waste of resources to roll up new information for the same intents ( Veal, 2006 ) .What is more, secondary research seemed more relevant than primary research. This was because there was broad assortment of literature on the topic of dark touristry and ethical issues, sourced from University College Birmingham library, with many books incorporating relevant information, whic h will be discussed subsequently. Primary Data The Oxford English Dictionary ( 2002 ) defines primary research which is collected for a particular and immediate research demand There are many different ways in which to transport out primary research. In order of this research subject, the writer found that many of the theories could nt be backed up with primary informations and with a suited sample.For the intent of this research undertaking, primary research could be used to garner relevant informations and entree a big population of pupils at University College Birmingham and other universities situated in Birmingham.One of the nucleus methods of transporting out primary research is through questionnaires. Chiefly, there are two signifiers of questionnaires: open ended and closed ended. Open ended questionnaires are likely to hold limitless replies to a set of options and likely to have long replies. However, the trouble is that they are hard to analyze and as they seem to manus the wand of control over to the other individu al. Closed complete inquiries impose a direct hazard to the cogency of findings and can be answered with either a individual word or a short phrase.Another signifier of primary research, which was considered were interviews. The Oxford English Dictionary ( 2002 ) defines interview as formal treatment between two parties in which information is exchanged. It is possible to state, that it is all about inquiring inquiries and having the replies.Therefore in this research undertaking, due to troubles in roll uping the required information and entree a big population for proving along the installations required to transport out, a primary research would non be utile in garnering relevant informations and the research worker will profit further from analyzing secondary informations from literature. Obtaining Research The bulk of secondary research for this thesis was gathered from books, academically reviewed diaries, online factual studies, newspapers and the cyberspace. All this beginnings can warrant the point of position of an writer and supply relevant information about the research undertaking.The most easy accessible secondary research method that the writer of thesis found was the usage text books. Text books were chiefly used to derive background cognition and obtain a wider apprehension of specific subjects. The advantage of utilizing books is because it gives a clear apprehension and academic information. As it was already mentioned earlier, this method was the easiest, because the research worker could acquire them non merely from the University College Birmingham library, but besides to the on-line library supplied by the University and other online administrations such as Amazon, EBay and Google. Key words had to be entered to happen appropriate books from the online administrations and the library catalogue, the following cardinal words were entered, dark touristry , dark touristry moralss , dark touristry and morality . There were some books which contained many different theories from the yesteryear to the present twenty-four hours. The researched decided that the most relevant writer s for this research undertaking were John Lennon and Malcolm Foley ( 2000 ) and Richard Sharpley and Phillip R.Stone ( 2009, a ) . Books for the methodological analysis were found by come ining the cardinal words ; research methods and methodological analysis .The diaries are preferred because they are accurate and supply up to day of the month informations, they are besides more relevant to the subject as the thesis is concentrated on the subject of consumers and suppliers point of positions of dark touristry. The diaries were accessed through academic hunt engines like Athens for illustration and journal databases such as ScienceDirect, Emerald Management Xtra. B ut unluckily, these databases were non utile as they did non give any information on peculiar inquiry, except ScienceDirect. Diaries associating to the research subject were accessed with comfort as the research worker can type in cardinal words and the database will show pages of diaries that are associated with the cardinal words. The cardinal words the research worker typed in to each diary database were Dark touristry , ethical issues of dark touristry , moralss and morality , Dark touristry forum . To acquire more information, the research worker travelled to universities to see their diaries nevertheless entree to relevant information, were non every bit successful as it was to happen them via the cyberspace.On-line factual studies were used to obtain natural facts and figures ; some of these studies include Mintel. Similarly to accessing the diaries, cardinal words were entered in order to recover the information, the cardinal words that were entered were Dark touris try moralss , Dark touristry . Furthermore, online articles were read in order to derive a wider position of the posed capable country.The use of newspaper and cyberspace will besides be included in order to supply a assortment of information and because they are easy of entree. Newspapers are utile because they are up to day of the month, nevertheless the information can be excessively subjective, and as for this peculiar subject of dark touristry, the research worker found newspapers non truly utile, because of the deficiency of information on dark touristry. Internet was utile beginning of information ; nevertheless the reader demand to look into if the beginning is dependable and information is updated. Web sites are easy to entree and easy to research information on and are besides updated on a regular basis. This assortment of beginnings gives a better apprehension of the topic. Construction of Design Out of all the research that has been taken, text books and academic diaries were the most dependable and valid to utilize to endorse up any point. This is due to the fact that dark touristry is relatively new phenomenon in touristry industry, books and academic diaries are frequently published often throughout the twelvemonth so the information that is provided is up to day of the month. Furthermore, academic diaries and text books are intensely reviewed by academic professionals before publication to guarantee its cogency.The writer of thesis aimed to garner resources that were merely published after the twelvemonth 1999 as this is comparatively recent ; nevertheless certain books have been used from a much earlier day of the month due to their relevancy to the research inquiry. However, diaries or books dated in the 80s or 90s will non see as outdated.The choice of secondary informations gathered has been published in a assortment of topographic points ; it was thought that as the subject in inquiry is ethical issue of dark touristry, so possibly research published in a assortment of states would be utile to acquire a broad scope of positions from across the Earth. Advantages and Disadvantages of Research Methods Although secondary research was the ideal research method to utilize for this research undertaking, it does keep some disadvantages. There is ever the hazard that the writer could include their ain sentiments, so they can strongly sway towards one point and books can be non updated on a regular footing. Besides, with academic diaries, there are many accurate subjects and findings, nevertheless a fee is charged for many of them, some of which are merely available to a certain group of people doing them difficult or even impossible to entree, this could set a strain on the research worker s findings. As for Mintel, some of studies were helpful, but non published yet for audience. Furthermore, Ghosh and Chopra ( 2003 ) reference that although it is more cost effectual and less clip consuming, the secondary research may non be every bit accurate as the research worker had hoped.Besides this, secondary research still remained ideal for the thesis as the quality of informations obtained ca n be better than the quality of primary research, as information gained through secondary beginnings could hold been obtained utilizing better and more advanced resources. Furthermore, because of the deficiency of clip and fiscal state of affairs, secondary research was chiefly used as being cost effectual and less clip consuming, it is besides easy to entree as it does non necessitate any extra resources.Primary research was considered due to the fact that it is utile to garner relevant informations and entree a big population of pupils tailored to the research workers demands. However, it was rejected due to the deficiency of experience, financess and resources which could give a bound to the quality of the information gathered and as a consequence, being unsuccessful ( Kumar, 2005 ) . The research worker does non hold any experience in transporting out primary research so in order to do the research undertaking successful, it would be inappropriate for primary research to be unde rgone for this thesis, and it would do more sense for the research worker to analyze findings from old and more experient research workers and academic professionals. Plan for Data Analysis As there is a assortment of secondary information gathered, it is necessary for the research worker to analyze them carefully. This assortment of beginnings gives a better apprehension of the topic.Once it has all been collected, it will be exhaustively analysed to find its cogency and dependability, and those that are non pertinent will be rejected from being used for the thesis. It is of import that cogency is measured carefully as Kirk and Miller ( 1986, p.71 ) references that perfect cogency entails perfect dependability .In order to measure the gathered research, the research worker will read over it and do their ain judgements based on a figure of factors environing it for illustration, the beginnings in which the information was collected from and the method in which the beginnings were collected. When using the frame work, the research worker will utilize it to measure different facets of the dark touristry moralss to reason by supplying concluding consequences to the purpo se. Drumhead This methodological analysis has evaluated and justified the pick of research design for this thesis. As secondary research is being used, the research worker has analysed this type of research by depicting the advantages and disadvantages of it. After the collected research has been evaluated, the findings will be analysed and discussed in the undermentioned subdivision. Analysis and Evaluation This subdivision is indispensable as the research worker will be analyzing and measuring the findings of the research undertaking. The chief facets of the consequences which were found in the informations discussed in the literature reappraisal will be approached carefully in order to weigh up the statements efficaciously. Dark touristry and ethical issues Among the more constituted quandary of dark touristry is moralss and morality. Dark touristry has frequently raised ethical arguments and treatments about the ways in which leisur