Catfish in the Bathtub

Catfish in the Bathtub Response As you walk in past the brown hazelnut colored door, the aroma of Chinese herbs fill your nose and like every other Asian house, there’s a shoe rack right when you walk in the door. Around dinner time, the meter long table would be filled with food—some looking edible while some makes you want to feed it to the dogs. Sometimes the food would be pig blood and liver made into a soup or chicken feet.To me, I don’t eat that stuff and if I had a decision you would see me running to the nearest fast food restaurant for something I considered â€Å"normal†. But it’s one of my parent’s favorite dishes, so it’s usually made often and thus giving me the feeling of wanting to throw up every time I see it. However, to every else that’s just like me; Americanized, it would probably be gross. I mean who would want to eat pig liver and blood or even chicken feet—where it looked like a legit foot chopped s traight off from a chicken just seasoned, cooked, and flavored.But to top it off, being from a Chinese family also meant that anything that was considered â€Å"weird† was not accepted, so since being a left-handed person/writer, have multiply piercings, and so many other things was thought to be weird. For my sister, she started off being a left-handed person, so my mother would slap her hands when she was little to make sure she would write with the proper hand. Of course nowadays, being a left-handed person is normal, but before my parents didn’t believe so.But now that my parents have been living here in the United States for some time now, they have become more Americanized and have let go of some of their cultural traditions—which, at times I am glad of because now I don’t have to worry about being the straight A student or being perfect at everything. But in the end, despite all these weird traditional food and Chinese culture this is who I am. No matter if it’s having dishes like pig liver and blood for soup or chicken feet on the kitchen table, this is my family’s catfish in the bathtub that I end up living and abiding by.

How suspense and tension is created in stories from the Victorian era

Mr.Tan How suspense and tension is created in stories from the Victorian era In this essay I will explore and explain how the atmosphere of tension and suspense is built up in short stories in the Victorian period. I will show how various techniques build the overall effect. I will do this by comparing and contrasting three short stories, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† by Edgar Allan Poe, â€Å"The Adventure of The Speckled Band† by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and â€Å"The Red Room† by H. G. Wells. These stories are similar in many ways and all consist of mysterious irrational plots. The Victorians were concerned with the idea of rationality, science over religion, and this is reflected in these stories To begin with I will look at the characters in the stories. Characters can help reflect the atmosphere of a story, an example of this is the old people in â€Å"The Red Room†. They are very strange, say very little and are nameless. They represent the irrational. There are examples of irrational characters in the other stories. In â€Å"The Adventure of The Speckled Band† the irrational character is called Dr. Roylott, a mysterious person who you know little of. After coming back from India he allows animals he has brought back with him roam freely around his house. This is particularly relevant to the Victorian era as India was part of the English empire and was seen as a wild, uncivilised place, to reflect Dr, Roylott's character. The irrational character in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† is actually the narrator, who once again has no name. This character becomes insane and is obsessed with his guest's â€Å"vulture eye†. In the end he murders his guest and places him under the floor boards. The character is haunted by the beat of his victim's heart and he is forced to confess his crime. The way the text has been written also reflects the character as he repeats words and puts some in capital. In these stories there seems to always be a character that represents the rational and logical, in contrast to the irrational. An example of this is the narrator in â€Å"The Red Room†. He enters the mysterious house with a logical and scientific approach. He completely denies the possibilities of the super natural and heads to the haunted room completely calm expecting nothing out of the ordinary. However, he falls victim to the super natural spirits of the Red Room and fear overwhelms him. He is forced to believe that there is something unnatural in this room. This style of character is also portrayed in â€Å"The Adventure of The Speckled Band† as Inspector Holmes. He enters the crime scene with a rational approach. He uses logical methods to surveys his surroundings and solves the mystery. This would appeal to the Victorians attitude towards rationality Unlike â€Å"The Red Room† Sherlock Holmes solves the crime with rationality and does not fall victim to the irrational and super natural ideas, and logic triumphs. â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† does not involve a main rational character, but the very presence of an officer causes the mad narrator to confess his crime. I will now look at the language the authors use. All three stories have a lot of dark adjectives that evoke an eerie atmosphere that really helps describe the mood of a scene. For instance in â€Å"The Red Room†, words like â€Å"pale† and â€Å"monstrous† are used. These really help create a sense of suspense by setting the scene. Colours are used frequently also. The use of varied sentence length is another technique used. In â€Å"The Adventure of The Speckled Band†, the author uses long detailed sentences to really describe the situation well and set a good picture of the story. This reflects Sherlock Holmes' character that looks at everything in detail. In â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Red Room† the use of short sentences is used to build great tension and suspense. E.g. â€Å"I felt that I must scream or die! And now –again! –hark! Louder! Louder! Louder! Louder!† Another technique is the use of repetition. In â€Å"The Red Room†, the word â€Å"dark† is repeated a lot and so is the warning â€Å"This night of all nights†. This helps get the idea across by constantly hitting the reader with this information. This is also used in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† as a way of expressing the narrator's madness. In â€Å"The Adventure of The Speckled Band† the idea of murder is repeated. There is a wide use of similes and metaphors of darkness and fear in the stories. These can help describe the mood of the story. An example of this is in â€Å"like a ragged storm cloud sweeping out the stars† in â€Å"The Red Room†. Personification is also used as a good technique of description. â€Å"Little tongue of light† References to senses help describe the situation as well by giving a sensation that we can relate to like smell and touch. Now I will look at the setting. The setting of a story can help reflect the overall mood. A dark, old, gloomy house can create a feeling of dread and fear. Victorians were concerned with appearances and a derelict house was considered awful. In the description of a setting, pathetic fallacies can be used. A Pathetic fallacy is when the weather of a scene reflects the mood of man. For instance it says â€Å"the wind was howling outside and the rain was beating and splashing† in â€Å"The Adventure of The Speckled Band† , this creates a turbulent atmosphere that can suggest menace and murder. The structures of the stories are fairly similar also. They usually start with a description of characters and setting and an introduction to the plot to engage interest. The plot then unfolds and a dramatic event happens, the killing of the guest in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† or the events inside the haunted room in â€Å"The Red Room†. The plot unfolds or resolves and there is a period looking back. In â€Å"The Adventure of The Speckled Band† the crime is solved and in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† the mad-man confesses his crime. I find that there are various techniques used to create tension and suspense in these stories. Characters help reflect the atmosphere and mood of a story or scene and we can see a situation more clearly based on how a character reacts. The language is very important as it is how we read the story. Techniques such as personification and repetition can effectively create suspense and tension. The setting can also help reflect the mood of the story. And there is also the contrast between irrationality and rationality that appears throughout the stories. All these techniques create a powerful overall effect that appeals to the reader.

Evil in Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare’s powerful play Macbeth effectively explores the nature of evil and its effects and costs. He examines what causes people to commit evil acts such as ambition, greed and lust for power through themes, characters, language and dramatic techniques. The theme of the play is that uncontrolled ambition can make people do evil things but that evil never wins in the end. The play shows the battle between good and evil and the cost of evil. Macbeth breaks the great chain of being by killing the king. Shakespeare provides a lesson for the audience by showing the cost of evil deeds. Macbeth loses the respect of his friends and countrymen, loses interest in life and is killed, while Lady Macbeth’s guilt causes her to commit suicide. In the play there are several motifs which illustrate the theme, including guilt blood. For example, when Lady Macbeth wants to become brave enough to go through with the murder of the king, she says â€Å"Make thick my blood†. Also when Macbeth is about to kill the king he sees an imaginary dagger which has â€Å"gouts of blood† on it. The play’s characters also portray evil and its effects through their actions and words. For example, Macbeth becomes corrupted by his â€Å"vaulting ambition† which turns him from â€Å"noble Macbeth† into an â€Å"untitled tyrant†. The witches know Macbeth has been overtaken by evil they say â€Å"something wicked this way comes† when he approaches them. To get what he wants Macbeth is prepared to do anything. This involves evil deeds like violence and deception. He even kills his friend Banquo when he realizes that Banquo suspects that he killed the king. He says, â€Å"our fears in Banquo stick deep†. Banquo by contrast is not corruptible so Macbeth must kill him. The cost of evil for Macbeth is that he has no peace after his evil deeds. He loses everything he valued – the crown, friendship, respect and his wife and his own life. Along the way he becomes paranoid as we see in the banquet scene where Banquo’s ghost appears as a â€Å"horrible shadow†. This shows us  that his conscience is torturing him and is giving him no peace. He also loses interest in life which is shown in his word,† Out, out, brief candle!/Life’s but a walking shadow† Shakespeare uses a range of figurative language to illustrate that evil deeds can’t bring rewards, Shakespear uses a metaphor â€Å"Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown† which show that even after he kills to get the crown it is an empty victory as he has no children to pass it on to. The cost of evil for Macbeth is also shown through dramatic devices such as the dagger scene where Macbeth resolves to kill the king. Through a soliloquy we find out the inner thoughts of Macbeth when he tells the audience that he can see a dagger floating in the air leading him to the king’s chamber. We are not sure if it’s real which adds to the ghostly and creepy atmosphere. He says, â€Å"I have thee not and yet I see thee still† and we can see that he indeed has a â€Å"heat oppressed brain’. Lady Macbeth badly wants to become queen and is prepared to do evil to get it. Ambition also corrupts her. She is the one who persuades Macbeth when he has second thoughts about killing the king by questioning his masculinity by saying, â€Å"Be so much more the man† and â€Å"To wear a heart so white†. She would have killed the king herself but he resembled her father. This shows how ruthless she has become. Lady Macbeth badly wants to become queen and ambition corrupts her. She is the one who persuades Macbeth to kill the king. She is concerned that M is too full of the â€Å"milk of human kindness† to carry out the murder of the king so she pushes him to do the deed by shaming his sense of manhood, â€Å"Be so much more the man .† She hatches the plot to kill the kill. Her evil is shown through her desire to stop being female. She says is calling to dark spirits to , â€Å"unsex me† and â€Å"fill me† with â€Å"direst cruelty† which means she actually wants to embrace evil completely. Shakespeare uses Figurative language to show Lady Macbeth’s deceitful character, for example he uses the symbol of blood to show her evilness and  her guilt. She says â€Å"Out damned spot† while sleepwalking. This scene also reflects the use of very good dramatic technique, the soliloquy to show the audience that although she does evil when awake, Lady Macbeth is bothered by guilt underneath. In this way Shakespeare further shows that evil cannot win over good and that nothing can hide evil. For example she says, â€Å"all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.† But she knows â€Å"what’s done cannot be undone†. In the end she can’t stand the guilt and kills herself. She pays the ultimate price with her life. The witches are introduced right at the start which tells the audience the play is about evil as witchcraft was considered very real and considered evil in Shakespeare’s times. The witches choose Macbeth to bring evil to life. They know he is corruptible and confirm this by saying â€Å"Something wicked this way comes†. The literary language used by the witches that makes it clear they are evil, for example, â€Å"We hover through the fog in the filthy air† They also say, â€Å"Eye of newt and toe of frog† which tells the audience they are cooking up a supernatural potion. The evil effect is also show in the rhythmic chant, â€Å"Double, double toil and trouble. Fire burn, and cauldron bubble.† All this creates a creepy and sinister atmosphere that suggests evil. The dramatic devices Shakespeare used to portray the witchcraft includes the setting which was a desolate place, the use of the cauldron and its evil ingredients like human body parts â€Å"Nose of Turk†. Shakespeare also uses apparitions which are conjured up as part of the prophecies of Macbeth’s future including a head in armour; the bloody child; and a child wearing a crown, holding a tree, which illustrate the witches’ prophesies. Macbeth by Shakespeare clearly shows the audience that it is not worth doing evil. He does this through exploration of themes, characters, language and  dramatic techniques and convinces the audience that evil never wins in the end. Gives the audience the clear message that evil can never win over good. In the play Macbeth he shows the audience what drives people to commit evil deeds and shows the cost of those actions. He also shows that evil can never bring any good. illustrates the attraction and cost of evil throughout the play through its plot, theme, characters, language and dramatic devices. Shakespeare shows us that evil cannot win and in the end goodness is restored.

Information System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information System - Research Paper Example However, the use information systems have been made more interesting with the emergence of social media platforms. These platforms include the facebook, twitter, LinkedIn, and instagram (Hu, et al., 2014). Social media as a whole has played a significant role in revolutionalising marketing strategies; however, instagram has the edge because of features and the ease that one can apply the platform in building the business (Das and Sahoo, 2014). Unlike other social media platforms, the Instagram adopts a unique way of telling stories. The platform uses pictures to convey the message (McCune, 2011). The use of pictures can be tailored to have captions that resonate with the message in the picture. The Instagram has a business blog that offers guidelines on how to use the platform for building business (Das and Sahoo, 2014). This business platform is called Instagram for business and appears as shown in the diagram below (figure 1). The instagram for business is an application that provides easy ways of enabling people exploit the platform to build their business. The strategies have to follow the simple steps that the application provides. It is such a simple way of enhancing business because the user does not have to have many years of experience in using the application to make the most from the application. Building a business brand will require massive following or better the interaction with a massive number of target customers. The best way to popularise a brand is by getting a gauge viewership. This can be a huge task especially when a created post does not have a large following (Aric, 2009). Therefore, the best way of beginning is to cultivate a following. There are several tips that can help an individual attain these objectives. The best way is to connect friends from other social media platforms like facebook and twitter (Das and Sahoo, 2014). This is the easiest way

The Watergate Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Watergate Scandal - Essay Example Soon things got worse forcing President Nixon to step down from office as President of the United States. Apart from resignation of President Nixon on August 1972, the scandal also led to the indictment, trial and imprisonment of 43 accomplices most of whom were administration official of President Nixon2. This paper will explore the Watergate Scandal from the buildup, the scandal, the end, and the aftermath. The Watergate scandal is said to have originated from the hostile political environment of the 1960s general elections3. This is attributed to the fact that by 1972 when President Richard Nixon was seeking for his reelection as president of the United States as republican candidate, the country was already deeply divided internally as a result of the Vietnam War of 1955to 1975. Because of the harsh political environment, Nixon and his henchmen found it prudent to employ forceful campaign tactics in order to be able to sabotage his opponent, particularly his challenger Gerald For d, the then democratic candidate4. The aggressive campaign strategies used by Nixon and his advisers included what later emerged as an illegal spying. This is after the evidence gathered at the scene revealed that some member of Nixon’s re-election committee (CREEP) broke into Watergate building, the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee on May 1972 stealing copies of confidential documents and then bugged the phones in the office. Mark Feldstein reveals that despite having stolen the DNC’s top-secret document, the wiretaps stolen could not work properly forcing the burglars to return to Watergate headquarters on 17 June of the same year.5 However, this time round the burglars came with new microphone, but before they could break in, one of the security guard called Frank Willis saw a piece of tape wrapped on the locker of the door leading into the stairwell. Willis quickly removed the tape oblivious of water was happening. However, since he suspected that something was a mess, he rushed to the telephone and called the Metropolitan Police who came to Watergate few minutes later and began conducting a thorough search in the building6. It is then that the police realized that all the doors leading to stairwell of the sixth floor had been taped in a similar manner7. Investigation also revealed that the Democratic National Committee had rented the entire sixth floor. The police officers then began moving from one office to the next in the entire sixth floor with arsenals drawn8. No soon had they entered the offices Stanley Grieg, of Deputy Party Chairman than a man came out from his hiding place and surrendered to the officers pleading not to be shot. Subsequent searches led to the arrest of five men in the offices all wearing surgical gloves and business suits. A team of investigators learnt that the main purpose for the break-in by the burglars was to bug Lawrence O’Brien, the DNC chairman’s offices and get files related t o their campaign strategy that might help republicans in the forthcoming presidential elections9. Investigators also found out that the burglars had all booked suits fictitiously at the Watergate Hotel. The police officers also conducted a search in their rooms and in DNC offices in which $5,000 numbered as $100 bills was found plus

BMW Automobiles. BMW Demand and Supply Coursework

BMW Automobiles. BMW Demand and Supply - Coursework Example Microeconomic Analysis Demand is the willingness and the ability of consumers to buy a certain product for a certain price at a particular period. While other factors are held constant, the prices of goods and services increase as its demand increases and vice versa. Supply is the willingness of the manufacturer or the company producing then goods or services to sell the products at a given price at a given period. While other factors are held constant, the supply of goods and services will increase at an increase in price. Various demand and supply factors affect the production and sale of BMW 3 series vehicles (Flaschel, 2010, p.1). The first factor is affecting BMW’s demand and supply is consumer taste and preference. Different consumers have a varied taste and preference for the product. BMW 3 series is a mid-level luxury performance sedan. The car is also a bench marker in the market. It has played a great role in influencing the competitor’s in trying to achieve i ts class. The consumers also have their taste, which varies with the individual. The taste and preference of this car by some individual consumers is predominantly affected by its price in the market, the performance both on road and on off roads modes, the cars ability to perform, and the fuel consumption. The BMW 3 series has a relatively high fuel consumption capacity as compared to its competitors and it is better in performance than its competitors are. Secondly, consumer income affects the demand of the BMW 3 series. Consumer income is the amount that the consumer has which they are willing to invest on that commodity. The BMW 3 series retail price varies depending with the model. The lowest price for the BMW 3 series is $32,400. This price may not be affordable to many consumers. The consumer income is the greatest determiner of the demand for this product both in America and outside the American market (Flaschel, 2010, p.1). Additionally, price of substitutes and other compl ementary vehicles affects the demand of the BMW 3series cars. BMW, being a luxury mid-level vehicle, has many substitutes and complementary vehicles. An example of these substitutes is the Audi A3, Infiniti G35, Cadillac CTS, and the Acura TL. These substitutes have a relatively low price and perform equally with the BMW 3 series. The availability of these substitutes has greatly affected the consumers’ decision in determining the best car available for them. The availability of these substitutes also influences the ability of the consumer to save in comparison to what they would have used if they purchased the BMW 3series. Additionally, the BMW 3 series has been affected by the complementary goods. Complementary goods are the goods that are used alongside the product. The BMW 3 series is a relatively high consumer if gasoline in comparison to its competitors. This has hugely influenced the demand of this car (Hortacs, et al, 2010, p.1). The forth factor that has influenced t he demand of this car is the consumer expectations. The BMW 3 series car has largely met the consumers’ expectations. BMW is actually an envy of many people, which has also increased the demand of this vehicle. The BMW 3 series is a great performer both on road and on off road modes. This has enabled it to have an innovative over the others in the market. The BMW also produces high quality vehicles that are not prone to damages as compared to it

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 67

Assignment Example The drought affected the economy very badly and reduced grain production levels. On top of that, the ‘financial bondage’ was imposed by the IMF and World Bank, although this term is not used in the article. In league with other Western powers and the media, they engaged in lies about Zimbabwe that made matters difficult for the country. Together with the land issue re-erupting after war veterans demanded compensation, these circumstances led to Zimbabwe’s financial woes in 1997 and more troubled years ahead. The land issues have roots in the 1930 Land Appropriation Act, which restricted the native black people’s access to land under British colonial rule in favor of the white settlers. This put pressure on the limited land available to blacks in tribal reserves. After independence, the Lancaster House Agreement only postponed resolving the problem by protecting white owners for another decade. The 1985 Land Acquisition Act did try to alleviate the problem through land redistribution, but problems such as racial tensions and overcrowding persisted. Then the demands of the war veterans only added to the pressure. President Mugabe took a bold step by forcefully taking land back from whites and distributing it among the majority blacks, but favoritism and corruption were evident, and therefore, ordinary Zimbabweans continue to suffer. Zimbabwe is in dire need of addressing issues of inequality, ensuring self-sustenance, protection from outside exploitations, elimination of corrupt and the implementation of fair practices, and above all good governance if it is to prevent a total Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 223 Assignment Example His second argument was based on and backed by observations made by fellow astronomer, Adriaan van Maanen. Van Maanen claimed to have observed he Pinwheel Galaxy rotate. For this to be possible, it would mean that it was revolving at a speed faster than the speed of light, which was impossible. Andrew Mackellar was unfortunate to lose the prize. He made his discovery at a time that World War II was at its peak. All efforts were towards winning the war and there wasn’t an opportunity for him to present his findings to fellow scientists at a

Critical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical analysis - Essay Example The O- ring seal let gases emanating from the so rocket booster. These gases lay on the propellant tank which is outside and also the booster strut. This took place in January 28 1986. The remains of the shuttle fell into the Atlantic Ocean just off Florida’s cost. The compartment where the crew was together with fragment of the space shuttle was only recovered after a long search of the ocean was conducted. When exactly the crew passed away is unknown but it is believed that a number survived when the space craft initially broke up. The only problem for those who survived was the fact that the shuttle lacked a means of escape .It is for this reason that they were captive in the space shuttle as it impacted with the ocean surface .This was too violent for any of them to survive. The shuttle space program was halted for 32 months due to the disaster. The Rogers commission was formed by the then president Ronald Regan. The commission laid blame on NASA’S decision making s ystem and and its organizational culture for the disaster. NASA was aware that the design of the Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SBRs) by Morton Thiokol had a lethal defect in the O-rings .This hadn’t been addressed since 1977.They also failed to head to warnings from engineers concerning the launch in the prevailing low temperature that fateful morning. These technical concerns weren’t shared with the superiors. It is interesting to note the vehicle never received certification to run in the low temperatures of that morning The O- ring together with other key components hadn’t been tested to ensure that they would operate in the launch conditions of that morning. The launch had many viewers since it had Christa McAuliffe .She was to be the first teacher, female, in space .So hyped was the launch that just an hour after the Disaster 85% of Americans had gotten wind of the news .It is worth noting that the challengers disaster was a reference point when it comes t o issues of engineering safety and ethics in the work place. The concerns about the O-Ring A look at the space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters Design (SRBS) will help us understand where the flaw lay. To begin with this unit makes part of the vehicle for space transportation system. It is made up of six sections connected in 3 factory and field joints. Factory joints had an insulation made up of asbestos-silica .This was applied at the joints to cover them. The field joints were assembled at the Kennedy space centre in the building used for vehicle Assembly .The field joints relied on two O-rings made of rubber .There was a primary one and a secondary one which acted as a backup. After the disaster, field joints adopted a 3 O-ring system. All the SRB joint seals were to contain high pressure gasses resultant from the combustion of the solid propellant that lay within. All the propellant is supposed to emanate from the nozzle at the end of the rocket. At the time of the shuttle design, a Mc Donnell Douglass report highlighted the record of solid rockets when it came to safety .It was safe to abort in most failure types. There was one though in which aborting would have been dangerous. Hot gasses would burn through the forced casing. If the burn through was to take place next the liquid hydrogen/oxygen tank, aborting a launch

The character of the 21st century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The character of the 21st century - Essay Example If the previous century gave birth to many companies, institutions, and allies, it also gave birth to several conflicts, rivalries and mass destruction. Will the 21st century serve as a continuation of the violence and sufferings of the previous 100 years or will it be a dawn of a better world that awaits children of the future generation? The United States of America (USA) has proven in the 20th century that they are the dominating force. It made the country and its colonies in some kind of untouchable stature. There is that sense of pride and supremacy that envelope the whole state even its name. It is an undeniable fact that if there is a force that any unstable country would like to be in alliance with it will be the USA (Walt 6-7). Yet as it has been stated in the 2002 movie Spiderman, Peter Parker expressed a realization that can be applied with the existing American Force, â€Å"With great power comes great responsibility.† Such power became a liability for the whole st ate. As they gained more allies, they also gained more rivals. The United States have been the answer to the prayers of those who were being traumatized by the Second World War. They were the saving power against those who were unfurling terror in different countries and continents. However, what will happen if this very powerful force be attacked on its very own territory? This was the event that happened during the first decade of the 21st century. With the heroic acts that the United States showcased during the previous century, they have exhibited the greatest human relation that any other country has showed towards their fellows. What is human relations? According to Jackson (p. 2): â€Å"human relations involve people other than ourselves, who are never anything less than human and must always be treated accordingly. These others may be individuals or they may be groups, perhaps organized as independent nations or states, which have long been the preeminent political formatio ns of world affairs.† Human relation became the strongest weapon of the United States in their aim to gain worldwide power and influence. However, there are states that had different perspective against the US. For these states to prove other countries that the United States is not as powerful as they seem, â€Å"terrorists† attacked the heart of the US’ economy and defense without the country’s people and leaders knowing what is awaiting them. Many Americans were killed during the attack and the once strong, powerful and untouchable stature was replaced by a helpless, fragile and vulnerable America. Though human relations was been perfected by the state throughout the past century, it was not a guarantee that all nations will be an ally to them. If there was one thing that the September 11 Attack has given the state that would be fear. With such stature that the United States had in International Relation (IR), it brought not just the whole state but the whole world in shock with all the events that have happened within the territory of the most powerful nation known worldwide. As noted by Robert Jervis (cited by Tang 2008): â€Å"[Fear] once aroused as a function of uncertainty about others’ intentions, can acquire a life of its own and become a powerful driver of the security dilemma and spiral. Fear †¦ leads a state to discount another state’ conciliatory gestures and adopt unnecessary hard-lined policies. As such, a spiral

Introduction to management enquiry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to management enquiry - Essay Example Although there are no large-scale changes taking place practically. Just three universities are going to charge less than maximum. Many standard universities still feel that teaching undergraduates is not profitable. The other reason universities hesitate to accept that all institutions and degrees are of equal standard, they fear that their credibility may get damaged. Thus one can feel relieved that just few institutions are going to adopt the new system. Bradford University is planning to give scholarship to computer science students, and the number of students would be reduced on the basis of grades. Poorly performing students would have to choose less important courses. The standard universities are still stuck up in managing the cost of teaching undergraduates. Yet the most acceptable way is to use research money and get finances from over seas students. The result is universities are planning to accommodate more foreigners by reducing the number of home students. This implementation of new system would be difficult because of low cap on fees. Expansion of popular courses would also be an option when extra students are taught at lower expenses. Universities should recruit right number of students because drastic increase or decrease would be unprofitable for them. If the university increases the number then it would lose government funding and also it would be fined. Let us see how it goes. The government 's target of bringing 50% of youngsters to universities by 2010 will not be achieved too. The government must have to ignore those universities that are expanding popular courses if the planned number is to be achieved. The implementation of this new system may bring some ridiculous situation to the over all scenario of the whole education system. It may look like chain of super store offering various incentives for their clearance sale or for increasing the revenues. It seems that all these binding conditions will not be successful, it will make universities like half-markets and it would be very difficult to manage. Critique The article paints a very bleak picture of the whole scenario. Although it contains some valid points but still there are some positive aspects of the Education bill 2004. The authority gained by universities for fixing tuition fees up to 3000 would give a much-needed fiscal width to universities. It is true that government funding has dropped but the gap created by this reduction could be fulfilled by the increase in the fee. It is also correct that the gap was financed from research and maintenance funds, but it had slowed down much needed research work. That retarded research will also get a boost from the income gained by the universities by increasing the tuition fee. The writer admits this fact that the students are real beneficiaries and they should pay more, so the academics may also get reasonable ruminations. The fear of rise elitism indicated by writer can be ignored keeping in view other benefits of this new system. Baroness Diana Warwick, chief executive of Universities UK said that the passage of this bill was essential, in her view, for the future health and strength of universities. She

Conclusion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Conclusion - Assignment Example Chatter helps employees in collaborating, and sharing ideas to make them productive. Lastly, topic 3 talked about the benefits of BPM such as accelerating time to market, helping organization achieve goals, delivering improvements, improving customers satisfaction among other benefits. Additionally, the course focused on three important points, namely, BPM and philosophy, BPM technology and demonstration, to determine in case BPM are for business or information technology. BPM and philosophy are management initiative aims at aligning the business with the goals. They include measuring, monitoring and managing processes. BPM technology is software that handles business process management. They include desktop-based software for electronic processing. The demonstration revealed that a good BPM solution requires that business and information system work together since BPM has no system boundary. Lastly, the paper talks about BPM risks and rewards. BPM enables or rewards the organization to respond to business functions by identifying the needs of the clients and developing better strategies to fulfill them. Hence, it helps in improving productivity, reducing cost and errors. Similarly, BPM has risk when employees fail to embrace the

The role of the Supernatural and Witchcraft in Macbeth Essay Example for Free

The role of the Supernatural and Witchcraft in Macbeth Essay How would an audience in the time if Shakespeare reacts to the role of the Supernatural and Witchcraft in Macbeth? William Shakespeare wrote The Scottish Play to celebrate the Coronation Of James I of England who was also James VI of Scotland. Elizabeth I had just died and common beliefs and prophecies were taking a major part in peoples livelihood. Two imparticular, which were such as the Supernatural and Witchcraft. This was all starting to take place within the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1533 1603) The public were increasingly occupied with speculations and legends of people being called Witches just because they were slightly different in some way or form. In 1564 a law came in force to prevent Witchcraft from taking place. Murder by Witchcraft would become punishable by death, thus acknowledging witches with supernatural powers. It is estimated that in Scotland alone 8,000 so-to-be witches were burned to death between 1564 and 1603. In 1604 an additional law was passed in Scotland, which declared anyone found to be practising Witchcraft should be executed. James I himself became personally involved with Witchcraft. James I then went on to publish work about Witchcraft Demonology in 1597. Although some people rebelled against this persecution, the belief in witches was widespread, and continued to the last execution in the late 17th century. Adding to the hatred of Witchcraft was the fact that the country at that time was Christian. This also gave the country a literal belief in Heaven and Hell so the audience would have been horrified to hear the witches chant. Fair is foul and foul is fair With their religious beliefs in that time, for them this moral reversal will have come as a horrifying shock to hear this being spoken on stage. Scotland was not the only country which Witchcraft took over peoples life. In Salem U.S.A, there were the famous Salem Witch-Trials. It started from to girls accusing someone of being a witch and that person was executed due to this accusation. Soon, others people started accusing others for little disputes and also friends and family were accusing each other and this continued so much most of the villagers were accused and put to death. These trials were so famous and still are, several books were written about this yet the most famous one written by Arthur Miller called The Crucible. They believed that witches could do many things such as create the death of a person, but, it was also believed that they could not murder them. It was also believed that they could sail in a sieve which is shown with the sentence from one of the witches Sail in sieve Ill thither sail, I give thee wind This also shows another power of the witches that they could create any weather that would suit them. When shall we meet again? In thunder, lightening or rain? This does not become different from another sentence in the play until you notice the question mark at the end which could mean that they already know when they are going to meet but the question is what weather would they like to meet in and so one of the witches can create this system. A witch would also have what is called a familiar. These would be such as black cats, frogs and toads or a black bird like a sparrow. These were said to of being given to them from the devil as a link to the underworld. These all caused fascination within the public as seen in Salem but also with royalty with Queen Elizabeth I starting the fascination and James I continuing this onwards. I think that the audience in the theatre would react cautiously to the moral reversal chanted by the witches. The people of that time were mostly Christians it went against their beliefs and so would have been Horrified and shock From the opening scene in the play Shakespeare establishes the true fact that this will be based around witches and the supernatural. Following from this Shakespeare reflects on what they believed witches were able to do. These are such as change the weather; this is reflected by the question that the witches ask. The question they ask each other is in what weather they would like to meet in. When shall we three meet again In thunder, lightning or rain? By adding the question mark, this tells us that they have already decided where and when, but they will purposely choose what weather and by one of the powers that witches were believed to have they will make this weather system arrive for when they have planned to meet. The witches then go on to speak of another quality that they were believed to have and that is a link to the underworld, familiars. Familiars are such as black cats, frogs and toads, sparrows. These are said to be their link to the devil. The witches speak of a grey cat and toad. I come Greymalkin! Paddock Calls The Greymalkin being a grey cat and Paddock a toad. The scene closes with one of the main themes of the play. Fair is foul and foul is fair This is what the witches believe and preach. It means that anything which is good (Fair) is bad (Foul), but if anything is Evil (Foul) to them it is good (Fair). This is a moral reversal and also a paradox of what we believe in the world today. The closing of the scene is where Shakespeare brings Macbeth into the play but does not allow the audience to see him. The audience would now be wondering what kind of a man Macbeth is. Is he a person of the supernatural because the first people to speak about him are the witches, or possibly is he a good man but because of what the witches believe in and will they try and bring his death to him?. In the second scene Shakespeare uses this to establish the fact that there is a battle going on with Scotland and Norway at that time. The audience is then informed via a bloody captain that it was not certain that Scotland would win the battle until Macbeth appears, and the captain quotes For brave Macbeth well he deserves that name The audience are also informed of the bravery of Macbeth and Banquo. From this point Shakespeare also uses dramatic irony, this is used where Macbeth is told that the Thane of Cawdor has been claimed as a traitor to his country and so shall be executed. The reason that this is called irony is that the audience already know that Macbeth will be crowned Thane of Cawdor, but Macbeth is unaware of this. Shakespeare at the beginning of scene three brings in the witches again and proves to everyone that they really are witches and also that they possess the powers that people believed they could possess. Shakespeare also shows how petty, vengeful and impatient that they could be, A sailors wife had chestnuts in her lap, And munched, and munched, and munched-Give me, Quoth I, Aroint thee witch, the rump-fed ronyon cries. Her husbands to Aleppo gone, master o th Tiger. Now that the witches have appeared the audience will now be waiting impatiently for the appearance of Macbeth. The audience know that Macbeth will be appearing soon due to what the witches quoted in the first scene. When Macbeth appears and makes his first speech, he will shock the audience and give an instant impression on the audience. So foul and fair a day I have not seen This could be irony for the future of Macbeth may this be what happens to him on the future, This will shock the audience as this is very similar to what the witches chanted as their main theme and so Macbeth would be associated with the witches and be influenced on their doings. What Macbeth really means by this, is that the weather is foul but it is an air day due to Scotland winning the battle. When the witches are talking to Macbeth and Banquo, Banquo is curious and confused why Macbeth should be concerned when the witches prophet good news to Macbeth. However the witches have seemed to put him in a trance-like state when he is told that he will become king and this brings Banquo into a imagery of clothing and uses this to make the point that Macbeth is in a trance-like rapt. The witches then turn to Banquo and make three claims to him. Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. Not so happy, yet much happier Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none After these claims to Banquo the witches seem to disappear into thin air and Banquo is very suspicious of them unlike Macbeth. Macbeth has deep and dark desires and thinks about Banquos children becoming king as if this could have some threat to Macbeths future. After their first acquaintance with the witches, Angus and Ross appear with news for Macbeth. The news that they have brought to Macbeth is that the Thane of Cawdor has been declared a traitor to Scotland and so he will become Thane of Cawdor himself. This is ironic because this is one of the claims the witches have given to Macbeth. Macbeth then startles the audience when he says that greatest is behind and means that all that is left for him to achieve is to get onto the throne. This will also tell the audience that even the best of men can be tempted by evil. Banquo though refers to the devil as evil and so represents good in the moral reversal that is about to take place in both of them. And oftentimes, to win us our harm, The instruments of darkness tells us truths, Win us with honest trifles, so betrays In deepest consequence. When Macbeth speaks his first major soliloquy the audience finally get to hear his innermost thoughts as he asks himself questions, Two truths are told Of the imperial theme I thank you gentlemen. This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in truth? I am Thane of Cawdor. If, good why do I yield to that suggestion, Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, And make my seated heart knock at my ribs, Against the look of nature? Present fears Are less than horrible imaginings? My thought whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single state of man, that function Is smothered in surmise, and nothing is But what is not. It is Macbeth who mentions murder, even though the witches have mentioned nothing of the sort and so this shows that this is suggestion is one that Macbeth has thought of himself. He also decides that it is not a possibility that it will come to murder. If chance will have me king, why chance may crown me Without my stir. And also that he will leave it to chance whether he will become king or not. Come what come may, Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. This then leaves the audience with a sense of hope that Macbeth is not going to allow him to be tempted. It is when Duncan declares his oldest son, Malcolm, as his heir to the throne Macbeths attitude to the throne changes and so instead of waiting for the chance to become king he now sees Malcolm as an obstacle to himself and there from another short soliloquy he allows the audience to now he has evil desires inside and so prays that the stars should not shine on his evil desires. The Prince of Cumberland that is a step, On which I must fall down, or else oerleap, For in my way it lies, stars hide your fires, Let not light see my black and deep desires. The eye wink at the hand: yet let that be, Which the eye fears when it is done to see. He does this because stars are a form of light and light represents goodness. We now start to think that this maybe the start of Macbeths evil paths coming to light, it is then that Lady Macbeth is introduced. Lady Macbeth delighted by her husbands letter, she knows MAcbeth is ambitious to get on the throne but also realises that he lacks the ruthlessness needed to get there. She knows he only wants to win his honours honestly, would like to be king but will not cheat to gain the throne. A messenger informs Lady Macbeth of the kings immanent arrival and she is then very excited and sees this as a perfect opportunity to get Macbeth on the throne. She then speaks a horrid and for the audience a shocking prayer to evil spirits. Come you sprits That tends on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe-top full Of direst cruelty: make thick my blood, Stop up th access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between Th effect and it. Come to my womens breasts, And take my milk for gull, you murdring Ministers, Wherever in your sightless substances You wait on natures mischief. Come thick Night, And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, To cry Hold, hold! This prayer from Lady Macbeth is shocking to the audience because of the language that she uses. Here she is asking for the evil spirits to come to her and to fill her from the crown to the toe-top full with evil and replace her milk into bitterness and evil. She has prayed for this because she has decided that she will not let this opportunity to pass of becoming Queen. She has also prayed for this as she knows that Macbeth has not got the evil and ruthlessness inside him to carry out the murder. Lady Macbeth has also asked for it to be a dark night and so that the stars and heaven can not see her do this deed because the light and heaven are representations of goodness. So, when the arrival of Macbeth occurs, she then shocks the audience again but also Macbeth when declaring that Duncan will not see the morning. She has the idea of deception. O never shall sun that morrow see Lady Macbeth has now totally committed herself to the deed and has not given Macbeth any chance of changing her mind. She is entirely devoted to now becoming Queen and will not by any means let this prospect surpass. Macbeth is now in two minds and delivers a soliloquy to the audience to let them know exactly what he is feeling like and what he is wrestling with in his internal conflict. that but this blow Might be the be-all and the end-all here, We still have judgement here, Hes here in double trust: as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself. his virtues Will plead like angels I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself, And falls on th other - He admits the only thing driving him is ambition and informs Lady Macbeth that he will not murder Duncan. But he gives her different excuses than what he really feels so that he does not appear weak in her eyes. Lady Macbeth then launches a powerful harangue on Macbeth, accusing him of exactly what he did not want, and that is to be accused of not being a man. She goes on to create an atrocious image of her killing her baby and appears to have joined the forces of evil and she will surely not let this opportunity of becoming Queen Pass. She now appears to have had her wish of being filled with evil fulfilled. ..I have given suck, and know How tender tis to love the babe that milks me- I would while it was smiling in my face Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have done to this. The people of the time of Shakespeare believed that the witches could cause hallucinations and this is what occurred to Macbeth when he sees a dagger coming towards him. Macbeths mind is filling of dark and evil desires and is also tormented by images of blood, fear, and the unknown. Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come let me clutch thee. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Mine eyes are made the fools o th other senses, Macbeth now explains that he is sure that this dagger which he sees in front of him is definitely a false creation and is not real but a hallucination. Macbeth then personifies murder and feels he is going to do a deed similar to what someone else did before him yet in different circumstances. With Tarquins ravishing strides, towards his design Moves like a ghost. Murder is against Macbeths nature and against the natural order of thing. The darkness is Shakespeares way of using language to symbolise evil powers rising up against the powers of goodness and light. Macbeth wonders whether he is going insane where symbolizing all the evil building up in Macbeth heart. He then decides to take out the murder and so maybe he has decided to carry out the murder because he really is an evil man as possibly he didnt need the influence of the witches to take out the deed. Or possibly he is acting on impulse and without thinking it through properly or he is still under the influence of them. The first sign of Lady Macbeths conscience is when they come to kill Duncan but cannot because she thinks that Duncan looks like her father. Th attempt and not the deed Confounds us. Hark! I laid their daggers ready, He could not missem. Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had donet. This gives the audience a slight indication that evil has not totally taken over her and in the end good will triumph over evil. Macbeth slays Duncan as he is sleeping and sleeping is often referred to as innocence. He horrified himself by the fact that he could not say Amen. At this point the audience do not know whether the deed has been done, so, this is even more proof that Macbeth had done the deed. In the time of Shakespeare it was believed that if you did a deed like this the devil would take your soul and would stop you from saying anything that would be linked to Christianity. This would have horrified both the audience and himself because then Christian beliefs were essential and this would have been an essential part of their belief. Lady Macbeth then decides to take over the situation and tells Macbeth to wash his hands but he then fears for a blood-stained soul. Macbeth has destroyed the natural order of things and knows himself must pay. .Go get some water, And wash this filthy witness from your hand. Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead Are but as pictures. Tis the eye of childhood That fears a painted devil. If he do bleed, Ill gild the faces of the grooms withal, For it must seem their guilt. Lennox then talks of the night of Duncans death and tells us about the rough night gone past. The night would have been done by nature to warn everybody that unnatural things are going on (e.g. the death of Duncan).They have broken the natural order of things in ways that horses have eaten each other the weather was terrible And also as the owl was sweeping through the air like a hawk whereas owls normally fly close to the ground. This was not classed as a familiar but an evil bird due to it only coming out at night and night equals evil. The night has been unruly. Where we lay Our chimneys were blown down, and as they say, Lamentings heard I th air, strange screams of death, A falcon towering in her pride of place Was a mousing owl hawks at, and killed. And Duncans horses a thing most strange and Beauteous and swift, the minions if their race, Turns wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out, Contending gainst obedience, as they would make War with mankind. Tis said they eat each other. On discovery of Duncans body Macduff uses imagery which goes beyond the facts of murder and talks of unleashed chaos and a sacrilegious deed. This is a sacrilegious deed due to the king being believed to have been appointed by god and so this was so bad it would have been like destroying a church or other religious building. This was claimed to have unleashed chaos because it looks like someone has not just stabbed Duncan but has continued to do so with force many times. Also the body is so bad to view Macduff claims that you would turn you to stone like a new gorgon. Confusion now hath made his masterpiece. Most sacrilegious murder hath broken open The lords anointed temple and stole thence The life o th building! Approach the chamber, and destroy your sight With a new Gorgon. Do not bid me speak. See, and then speak yourselves. The quote that a new Gorgon is in reference to a Greek goddess that had snakes for hair and if you saw her you would turn to stone and Macduff says that if you saw the body of Duncan you would turn to stone as the sight is so ghastly. When Macbeth first kills the guards this may be the point where he may not be sticking to the plan. This would in fact be worse for him due to nobody will not be able to give evidence. Scene four tells us what has really happened. However, there is much stress on the unnaturalness of the murder and how it has begun to poison nature. The forces of evil seem to be at work due to it been dark like night when it is supposed to be light. It is believed that it was light due to good not being able to look down on the death because it is ashamed to see the body of Duncan. Banquo is representing good and apart from Macbeth is the only other person that knows about the witches prophecies. Macbeth is concerned about Banquo coming to the truth in his mind because he is a very intelligent person. Also Macbeth is obsessed about the witches prophet that one of Banquos children will become King. Macbeth tells us about why he is afraid of Banquo and he orders the death of Banquo but also Banquos son Fleance just to make sure that no one else could become king soon. In the soliloquy Macbeth tells us about Banquos good and strong points but also that he feels he has sold his soul to the devil for the sake of Banquos children and he has done it for no purpose of his own and all for nothing. No son of mine succeeding. Ift be so. For Banquos issue I have filed my mind, For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered To make them kings, the seed of Banquo kings Even now Lady Macbeth also thinks the same as Macbeth, that now they are King and Queen they have done it all for nothing. Naughta had, alls spent. Macbeth tells us of the nightmares that he has which stops him from sleeping. This was another point on which it was believed that the witches could cause this and stop people from sleeping altogether. There is also a growing distance between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. He starts to hint to her that something terrible will be done, but deliberately chooses not to tell her and even deceives her by telling her to pay particular attention to Banquo at the feast. Perhaps this is because he wants to protect her or because he wants to show her that he is a man and is capable of acting on his own. The final words of this scene are important and ominous. Macbeths words give the audience an insight to what is really going on in his mind. Macbeth tells us that his wickedness grows stronger and even more vicious. He has now committed himself to the path of evilness and he has now gone too far to turn back on the right road. The scene of Banquos murder is a scene of where we see the most references to good and light overpowering darkness and evil. Give us a light there, ho Evil is a force that is equals darkness and this is also when the murder is going to take place. By this Banquo who represents good, asks for more light. By this Shakespeare uses this as a metaphor of good overpowers evil. When Macbeth orders the murder of Banquo and Fleance it seems to the audience that evil will overpower good and Macbeth who now represents evil will come through. At the murder scene Banquo is killed and Fleance escapes and so lets the audience realise that evil may not totally take over and the witches predictions were indeed the truth. O treachery! Fly good Fleance, fly, fly, fly! Thou mayst revenge. O slave! One reason why they also may ask for more light is that Banquo represents good and that represents light, so when Banquo is killed some of the light will have dimmed, so there is less light. In the next scene there is a banquet in Macbeths castle and Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo and this could be caused by the witches, as it was believed that they could cause hallucinations and they may cause this. Which of you have done this? His quote asks the others which of them have played this trick on him; also he is asking who has killed Banquo, although he knows totally well that in a sense he has killed him. This hallucination is caused by his guilt and has been sent by the witches to torment him and drive him insane. The banquet is now totally in turmoil, and chaos has broken out. This may also represent how Macbeths reign will affect the country and what may happen in the future to scotland. Lady Macbeth says that she cannot tell whether it is day or night, which is apparent to Macbeth also. They cannot tell whether it is day or night but also they cannot tell good from evil. This is similar to what the witches said. Fair is Foul and Foul is Fair. Act three scene six again allows Shakespeare to inform the audience of the state that Scotland is in under the reign of Macbeth. May soon return to this our suffering country Under a hand accursed The next act is where we see an important view of the witches. They throw their nauseous ingredients into the charmed pot; they talk in rhyme giving the impression of them creating a magic spell being chanted. Eye of newt, and toe of frog, Adders fork, and blind-worms sting, Like a hell-broth boil and bubble. Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble. These here are just some of the nauseous ingredients they put into their pot. Their gruel is also an image of confusion and reflects Elizabethan beliefs about the nature of the world and the relationship between good and evil. The witches refer to Macbeth as something wicked and so this may say that they quite like him. I have made this prediction due to the quote. Fair is Foul and Foul is Fair When they refer to Macbeth as something wicked they are almost saying that he is worse than them. By the pricking of my thumbs, Something wicked this way comes: Open locks, Whoever Locks. Macbeth is determined to know his future, and the witches are also determined to use Macbeths human failings and readiness to use their predictions as a way of destroying him. Macbeth, Macbeth, Macbeth, beware Macduff, Beware the Thane of Fife. Dismiss me. enough This is a warning to Macbeth that he must beware of the Thane of Fife, or as the Thane of Fife, Macduff. Macbeth takes this as it is said and is aware of Macduff. Macbeth has another Apparition come to him and gives him this warning; .laugh to scone The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth. This warning to Macbeth says that he should be aware of any person not born of a woman. Macbeth takes this as everyone is born of women and there is no possibility of him been moved off the throne. .Macbeth shall never vanquished be, until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill. This is a warning to Macbeth that he will only be taken off the throne when Birnam wood moves up to Dunsinane Castle where Macbeth lives. When Macbeth hears this he interpretates it as the wood will pickup its roots and walk up to the castle. He then instantly thinks that he has no problem of been taken off the throne until he dies. First he requests one more view, and this is that he wants to find out who will take the throne after him. Macbeth is then shown a line of eight kings. These are not too important to Macbeth at first until he notices that they all resemble Banquo. This is his worst fear that no-one of his ownfamily is going to carry on the family in his name and so Banquo will be not so happy, yet much happier. This tells Macbeth that all this that he has done was all for nothing and brought more pain to him and his wife that they would have had without the deeds they have committed. Thou art too like the spirit of Banquo. Down! Thy crown does sear mine eyeballs; In Act four scene two we see the only other female character apart from Lady Macbeth, Lady Macduff. She is the total opposite to Lady Macbeth, as she is caring, gentile and also a loving mother and wife. She is very close to her child and Macduff, and she is loyal to them both. Lady Macduff is not interested in politics and has no deep and dark desires. The murdering of Lady Macduff and all her children would be deeply shocking to the audience especially with it been carried out on stage. They are all honest and innocent so their deaths would be needless. This shows how low Macbeth has got and how badly he has sunk in terms of morality. They do however; serve to determine Macduff to seek revenge and to swear to kill the tyrant. I have done no harm Act four scene three enlightens the audience as to the character that Macbeth has now become. He has now become a complete contrast to what he was at the start of the Scottish play. For brave Macbeth well he deserves that name On receiving the news about the murder of his family Macduff is urges by Malcolm to enrage his heart and get revenge on Macbeth. I grant him bloody, Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful, Sudden, malicious, smacking of every sin That has a name. There are also points to prove about how Macbeth is running the country and in what state it is in. Stands Scotland where it did? Alas, poor country! Act five scene one is the last time that we see Lady Macbeth and she is still complete contrast to what we see of her in the beginning. She is suffering like the prediction she made after the death of Duncan. This is that she told Macbeth that if he kept on thinking about it then he would drive himself insane and loose control and go mad. She has done exactly that, and spends her nights sleep-walking and has ordered that light is to be with her all the time especially at night. How came she by that light? Why it stood by her. She has a light by her Continually, tis her command. Could this possibly mean that she needs light around her, or could we say, she needs goodness around her, to protect her possibly? When she is sleepwalking she goes to the bathroom to try and wash off a dammed spot of blood on her hand. This is another contrast of Lady Macbeth where at first she said, a little water cleans us of this deed. She is now in her own private hell full of blood, fog and filthy air. She is now pitiful, terrified or going to hell and yet realising there is no escape of going to hell so she can prepare for the arrival. She then takes herself back into time and makes references to the murders of Banquo and Lady Macduff. It is possible that if Macbeth has told her about these murders, she would have tried to stop the murders indefinitely. She may of tried to stop these, as these were not apart of her plan when they became king and queen. The thane of Fife had a wife; where is she now? What will these hands neer be clean? I tell you yet again Banquos buried; he Cannot come out ons grave. The doctor that is looking after her has now realised that Lady Macbeth does not need a doctor, but also that he cannot do anything for her, as she really needs someone much more powerful than him, a Priest, a phychiatrist. This is the last that we hear of Lady Macbeth but we do hear that she takes her own life. This would say to the audience that good will always overpower evil and there is a severe price to pay for taking the evil road. Macbeth hints to the audience and that he is ready for death and to go to hell. But he is determined not to go without a fight and until every piece of flesh has been gauchely teared off his raw bones. Shakespeare shows that he is ready to die by using imagery of withering leaves. I have lived long enough. My way of life Is fallen into the sear, the yellow leaf; Yet he still asks for his armour so to not die without a last fight. This brings us back to his attitude at the beginning. At the beginning he was loyal strong and was brave. You could say he was being brave here or is he just taking an early exit to death. Ill fight, till from my bones my flesh be hacked. Give me my armour. The final scenes reveal to the audience and Macbeth the equivocation that the witches used to give Macbeth an idea of his future. oftentimes, to win us to our hard, the instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest trifles, to betrays in deepest consequence. Macbeth hears a shriek and says he as almost forgotten what it is to be afraid. He refers to the night of Duncans murder and that then even the slightest noise appalled him. He receives the news of his wifes death with apparent complete differences a huge contrast to the beginning. He suggests that almost his wifes death is almost a complete inconvenience to him that she has died when he is in the middle of a battle. She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word. He realises that life is only a shadow a fleeting thing that is meaningless like the sound and fury of an idiots tale. He decides that his life has been all for nothing. The final unravelling of the prophecies would be of great interest to the audience serving a whole moral purpose. The witches did not exactly lie to Macbeth, but maybe twisted them so he had to work the rest out himself and they may have done this to see what explanation Macbeth came up with. They didnt tell him the whole truth and didnt lie but made their predictions interpretable in different ways. The interpretation that Macbeth makes of these was the wrong ones. But his interpretation appealed to his ignorance, greed and wisdom. When one of his messengers tells him that Birham wood is coming to Dunsinane, he realises that he interpretated them wrong and the witches had tricked him, just like his good companion said they would in the first act. Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things do sound di fair? I th name of truth Are ye fantastical, or that indeed Macbeth even though realising his fate still is determined to die like a soldier. Why should I play the Roman fool, and die On mine own sword? Whiles I see lives, the gashes Do better upon them. Macbeth then realises his castle is been attacked and defeated, he now realises that he is tied to the stake and cannot escape. Here though he still clings to the apparitions and to the fact that no man not born of a woman can hurt him. He is confronted by Macduff turn hell-bound but Macbeth hints that he does, somewhere, still have the remnants of a conscience my souls too much chargd with blood of thine already Macduff is desperate to avenge the deaths of all his family and tells Macbeth that if he is not to fight that he must surrender and they will then put him on show like a rare monster. Macbeth can not bear this torture and decides to fight. He then also tells Macduff that he might as well as give up as he owns a charmed life because he cannot be harmed by anyone born of a woman. Macduff respond with a quote that would shock the audience and horrify Macbeth. This is that he was born not of a woman but from his mothers womb untimely rippd This tells us that Macduff was not born naturally but tells us that he was born caesarean birth and that he was ripped earlier than a normal birth from his mothers womb. By now Macbeth has finally realised everything that the witches said and he is furious with them but really he should only be furious with himself because of his own interpretation of the apparitions. And be these juggling fiends no more believed, That palter with us in a double sense: That keep the word of promise in our ear, And break it to our hope. Ill not fight with thee. Macduff goes on to kill Macbeth and this also is true to what the apparition prophesised. Beware Macduff, beware the Thane of Fife By this Malcolm is rightfully restored to his rightful position, King of Scotland.

Business Ethics And Social Responsibility Management Essay

Business Ethics And Social Responsibility Management Essay Capitalism is often said the most selfish economic system but what usually is forgotten is that the very base of capitalism, the very foundation is based on ethics, morality and laws. Yes the system might seem to be fair but within that system, there is the paramount place for utility and protection of private property. This very fact makes ethics indispensable to the core ideology. It is unfair to take somebody elses property (an often repeated rule of capitalism), one can not force another person to work against ones will (another virtue of capitalism) , all point out to the special role ethics has played in the field of business and commerce. The whole modern day structure of commerce, business and trade is based on the unwritten and often vague principles of Ethics and moral behaviour. The point can well be taken forward by looking at the concept of externalities in business today. The point will be explained further by analyzing case studies of individual companies, today we live in an integrated society where no one person is isolated from the actions of the other. If today steel companies are producing pollution, then they are bringing trouble on themselves since they are polluting the environment they themselves breathe in. The harmful effects of pollution are global. This precisely is the concept of negative externalities. Ethics command us not to pollute the environment, modern day welfare Economics, directs us to the exact same. Now that we have established a firm base for ethics by use of modern day welfare economics, we continue to define what Business ethics are and what does the term corporate social responsibility mean. Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and business organizations as a whole. Applied ethics is a field of ethics that deals with ethical questions in many fields such as medical, technical, legal and business ethics. Further the practice of using ethics to make tough business decisions is known as ethicism and is increasingly gaining in popularity showing the kind of attention ethics is getting today. Professor Reshma Prasad says that firms can often gain super-normal profits by acting in an unethical fashion but sooner or later such behaviour does have its negative impact as well. Business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline. As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily normative. In academia descriptive approaches are also taken. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the degree to which business is perceived to be at odds with non-economic social values. Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia. For example, today most major corporate websites lay emphasis on commitment to promoting non-economic social values under a variety of headings (e.g. ethics codes, social responsibility charters). In some cases, corporations have redefined their core values in the light of business ethical considerations. Types of Managerial Ethics Archie B. Carroll, an eminent researcher, identified three types of management ethics, depending on the extent to which the decisions were ethical or moral: moral management amoral management immoral management Types of Managerial Ethics 1) Moral management Moral management strives to follow ethical principles and doctrines. Moral managers work to succeed without violating any ethical standards. They seek to succeed remaining within the bounds of laws. Such managers undertake such activities which ensure that though they may engage in legal and ethical behavior, they also continue to make a profit. The law should be followed not only in letter but also in spirit. Moral managers always seek to determine whether their actions, behavior or decisions are fair to themselves as well as to all other stakeholders involved. In the long run, this approach is likely to be in the best interests of the organizations. 2) Amoral management This approach is neither immoral nor moral. Amoral management simply ignores ethical considerations. It is broadly categorized into two types intentional and unintentional. Intentional amoral managers do not take ethical issues into consideration while making decisions or while taking any action, because in their perception, general ethical standards should only be applicable to the non-business areas of life. Unintentional amoral managers, however, do not even consider the moral implications of their decisions or actions. Amoral managers pursue profitability as the only goal and pay very little attention to the impact on any of their social stakeholders. They do not like to interfere in their employees activities, unless their behavior can lead to government interference. The guiding principle of amoral management is Within the law of the land, will this action, decision, or behavior help us make money? 3) Immoral management Immoral management not only ignores ethical concerns but it also actively opposes the ethical behavior. Organizations with immoral management are characterized by: Total concern for profits of the organization only. Strong inclination to minimize the expenditure. Laws are regarded as hurdles that should be removed or eliminated. Stress on profits and organization success at any cost. The basic principle governing immoral management is: Can we make money with this Action, decision, or behavior? Thus, ethical considerations are immaterial. Coming now to corporate social responsibility. A formal definition by Ravindran- CORPORATE social responsibility (CSR) is a concept that frequently overlaps with similar approaches such as corporate sustainability, corporate sustainable development, corporate responsibility, and corporate citizenship. While CSR does not have a universal definition, many see it as the private sectors way of integrating the economic, social, and environmental imperatives of their activities. CSR can be seen both in a positive light as well as some are more sceptical about the efforts that modern day firms undertake in the name of CSR. Different organisations have framed in the past different definitions, although there is considerable common ground between them. For instance, it is largely agreed largely that CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. So by balancing profits with an overall understanding and awareness of the short- and long-term consequences of an organisations activities on the environment and community, a company can help to ensure that future generations not only enjoy its products but also the environment. The paper will extensively analyze both the positive and negative effects of CSR initiatives. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY CSR. is a concept that states that organizations, especially corporations, have an obligation to consider the interests of customers, employees, shareholders, communities, and ecological considerations in all aspects of their operations. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into the business model and day-to-day operations of the company. CSR policy gives a self-regulating framework whereby a business monitors and ensures its adherence to law, ethical standards, environmental norms and morality. CSR is a concept that frequently overlaps with similar approaches such as corporate sustainability, corporate responsibility, corporate sustainable development and corporate citizenship.In addition to integration into corporate structures and processes, CSR also frequently involves creating innovative and proactive solutions to societal and environmental challenges, as well as collaborating with both external and internal stakeholders to impr ove CSR performance. From a business perspective, CSR involves focusing on new opportunities as a way to respond to interrelated societal, social and environmental demands in the market.  CSR is  generally  seen as the business contribution to sustainable development which has been defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, and is generally understood focusing on how to achieve the integration of environmental, economic and social imperatives. CSR commitments and activities typically address aspects of a firms behavior (including its policies and practices) with respect to such key elements as; environmental protection, health and safety, human rights, community development, corporate governance and consumer protection business ethics, supplier relations, labor protection, and stakeholder rights Relevance of Corporate Social Responsibility In the present corporate arena every company aims at long-term, sustained growth for its business. How does the growth trajectory of a business becomes long-term and sustained ? This happens when in future the supply of customers is assured. It is imperative that the company invests now to assure this future supply of customers. Thus, it is important that the company invests in the society because from the society forms the base from which its future customers will come. For long-term success, investment in the society is the most profitable investment a company can make. Moreover, there is a marked change in the way consumers buy their products and services. They engage in a cultural and ethical audit of the producers. They are eager to know how the company treats its employees, whether the company is sensitive to societal needs, issues etc. A company having a good history of positive contribution to the society gains an edge over other companies, thus enhancing the buy-ability of their product or service. In other words a producer having a good reputation in terms of adherence to ethics and morals has higher probability of scoring over other producers. In crowded markets, companies strive for the mindshare of the consumers by offering them a unique selling proposition that separates them from the competition in the minds of consumers, through social endeavours. Corporate Social Responsibility plays a vital role in building customer loyalty based on distinctive ethical values. CSR initiatives also enhance the reputation of the company as an employer. A CSR programme can be an aid to recruitment and retention, particularly within a competitive market where companies vie for the best of minds and talents. Potential recruits often eager to know the firms CSR policy and history as an employer during an interview. Having an active and comprehensive policy can give an advantage to the employer and positively differentiates the company in the eyes of the potential recruits. CSR can also help improve the image of a company among its present employees.CSR initiatives targeted towards the current employees sends positive signals to them, contributing to the environment of mutual respect and understanding between the management and the employees. Consumers and society in general expect more from the companies whose products they buy. This sense has increased in the light of recent corporate scandals, which reduced public trust of corporations, and reduced public confidence in the ability of regulatory bodies and organizations to control corporate excess. Hence, the impact of business clearly extends beyond the company and the market to society as whole. Apart from profitability, it is important that the company considers the ethical, moral, environmental, legal and social context of its activities. Businesses need to take responsibility for the impact of their activities on the environment, local population, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. The implication for the corporate sector is to strike a balance between profitability and social consciousness and sensitivity. The inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-making and business model is very important in the present corporate landscape. Positive Aspects of CSR CSR is an important business strategy because, everyone wants to associate with a partner they can trust. Customers want to buy products from companies they trust; suppliers want to form alliances with corporations they can rely on; employees want to work for companies they respect; and governments, increasingly, want to work with companies seeking feasible solutions and innovations in areas of common concern. Satisfying each of these stakeholder groups allows companies to maximize their commitment to another important stakeholder group-their investors, who benefit most when the needs of these other stakeholder groups are being met. Having a positive social image has its costs as companies have to invest in various endeavours but it pays in the long run. The businesses most likely to succeed in the globalizing world will be those best able to combine the often conflicting interests of its multiple stakeholders, and incorporate a wider spectrum of opinions and values within the decision-making process and objectives of the organization. We take two cases where years of CSR investments and adherence to societal norms helped corporations tide over crisis situations. Johnson Johnson British Petroleum Johnson Johnsons Tylenol Case Johnson Johnsons transparent handling of the crisis facing its Tylenol brand in 1982 is widely heralded as the model case in the area of crisis management. The company could make it possible through years of adherence to ethics and societal norms which were reflected in its CSR policies . The worldwide success of Johnson Johnson is widely attributed to its business philosophy. Robert Wood Johnson II first articulated this business philosophy in 1943 called The Johnson Johnsons Credo. In 1982 and 1986 Johnson Johnsons Tylenol acetaminophen was adulterated with cyanide and used as a murder weapon. During the crisis Johnson Johnsons managers and employees made countless decisions that were inspired by the philosophy embedded in the credo. Tylenol was immediately cleared from store shelves and the company was proactive and open in addressing each crisis. JJ went far and above what had previously been expected of corporations in such situations, instigating a $100 million re-call of 31 million bottles of the drug following a suspected poisoning/product tampering incident. In acting in the way it did, JJ saved the Tylenol brand, enabling it to remain a strong revenue earner for the company to this day. British Petroleum This example illustrates how investment in CSR initiatives can help a company gain the trust of the society . BP, with a $200 million re-branding exercise, has effectively re-positioned itself as the most environmentally sound and socially responsible of the extraction companies. The company stands in stark contrast today with Exxon Mobil that faces on-going NGO attacks, consumer boycotts, and activist-led litigation because of its decision to fight the environmental movement, and its failure to recognize the wider importance of CSR as a corporate strategy. Questionable CSR A counter view to the conventional one is that companies undertake CSR initiatives to distract the public from ethical questions that are posed by the fundamental operations of that company. Companys sole motive is to make profits and hence they start CSR programmes for brand building and in turn help achieve their corporate objective. Also by funding certain specific projects they also build reputation with government officials who in turn are obliged to favor them. Many firms claim to be committed towards sustainable development whereas their core business is a threat in itself. An example could be the hypocrisy of Ford. Although CSR issues aim at raising awareness of social and environmental issues no company changes its business model. Ford has a stance on reduction of greenhouse gases whereas their profits come from trucks and SUVs. Many companies have failed due to pursuit of unethical practices. An example of the same is satyam and Enron. Such companies CSR statements are only phony promises and their vested interests are the main reason for entering this corporate social sphere. To make companies behave in an ethical and socially responsible manner laws would have to be enforced. Corporate hypocrisy and sincerity needs to be addressed by making regulations and policies binding. We have taken two successful companies and analyzed their CSR initiatives and practices followed: British American Tobacco Dealing with the hypocrisy of the stance that organizations take Wal-Mart The unethical practices that are followed and how regulation can play an instrumental role in checking these undesirable activities British American Tobacco A major fiasco resulted as a revelation of the fact that the worlds second largest tobacco company masks the damage it causes to health, development and the environment in the garb of corporate social responsibility. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was tried to be blocked by the top BAT executives .They tried to win political influence in Africa by using their support for AIDS prevention as a tool. They used tobacco industry research information to negate the findings of WHO regarding the harmful effects of secondhand smoke. BATs donation of HK$300,000 in 1992 to repair the Haizhou Bridge in Guangzhou province of China obliged the officialdom and helped establish. In 2005 BAT profits were greater than  £2.7 billion a year from a 15 per cent share of the world tobacco market. The total number of deaths due to tobacco related diseases was about 5 million. This implies BATs 300 brands of cigarettes that were sold in 180 countries caused three-quarters of a million premature deaths. ASH Director Deborah Arnott said: Tobacco firms like BAT hide behind glossy reports and boast of Corporate Social Responsibility. But this report shows the cynicism and deceit behind the public face. It should be read by decision-makers, campaigners and health professionals in every country where BAT seeks sales. Companies like BAT offer the ultimate devils bargain. When they enter developing countries in search of new markets, they come with a smile a handshake and an open cheque book. But they leave behind nothing but a trail of addiction, misery and death. The various CSR initiatives taken were: A clinic for the diagnosis of disease Accommodation for the homeless Arts and educational projects Such programmes win allies in local markets and also open doors of politicians and regulators. Impact on developing world: The regulations in poorer countries are weak and by helping to a little extent the companies oblige politicians and in turn they win favors and can easily establish themselves. Hence stringent regulations are required to prevent this exploitation. Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is one of the largest private employers in the US. The sheer size and magnanimity of the company allows it to follow certain unethical processes as the laws against them are also not very stringent. Some of the controversies surrounding Wal-Mart are: Many employees having children working here live below the poverty line. Wal-Mart portrays itself as a company selling U.S. manufactured goods but in reality it utilizes products made in foreign countries and at questionable workshops. As a result of the cost advantage it gets it throws some of the competition out. Unethical business practices that this company follows include: Labor Union Opposition: Wal-Mart claims to follow open door policy but its effectiveness in Wal-Mart is questionable. It is a non union organization and hence this structure helps the company have a no complaint system. Third party intervention is not desired. Employees are provided lower wages than unionized corporations and as a result end up quitting by the end of the first year. The employees are prohibited to talk to union representatives. This is unethical as according to the National Labor Relations Act, employers cannot discourage employees from forming a union for they have that right. Cases were filed against Wal-Mart United Food and Commercial Workers Union filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board against Wal-Mart. National Labor Relations Board alleged that Wal-Mart violated federal labor law as it bribed employees to report on co-workers who favored a union. (www.washingtonpost) Unfair Treatment of Employees: June 2001 Six Wal-Mart female employees filed a sex discrimination lawsuit. Women were not being trained or given promotions. Also they were underpaid as compared to their male counterparts. Discrimination on basis of gender was prevalent. Hence women were being treated in an undignified and disrespectful way. (www.arkansasnews.com) . Later in lieu of the given events Wal-Mart introduced workplace diversity initiatives to promote equality. Wages were very low compared to prevalent rates .They wanted to continue offering low prices to customers hence did not want to increase operating costs. Due to this the wages were kept low. Wal-Marts health insurance was very expensive and some of the employees could not even afford to pay for it. Case was filed against Wal-Mart as it did not pay employees more for overtime. Wal-Mart used illegal immigrants as workers to reduce costs. In October 2003 hundreds of illegal immigrants employed were uncovered. Companies have to spot ethical and unethical practices otherwise they would loose their reputation in the market. CONCLUSION Corporations today are best positioned when they reflect the values of the constantly shifting and sensitive market environment in which they operate. It is vital that they are capable of meeting the needs of an increasingly demanding and socially-aware consumer market, especially as brands move front and center of a firms total value. Global firms with global lifestyle brands have the most to lose if the public perception of the brand fails to live up to the image portrayed. Integrating a complete social perspective into all aspects of operations will maximize true value and benefit for an organization, while protecting the huge investments companies make in corporate brands. Along with the social responsibility, comes the opportunity to convert these social initiatives into tangible results namely profits. An organization should look what amount of value the project can give back to the organization. A social cost benefit analysis can give the organization a fair idea about what kind of rewards the initiative can generate for the organization. Thus an organization can decide on the initiatives taking into consideration these various factors.

Analysing Personal Development as a Strategic Manager

Analysing Personal Development as a Strategic Manager Management and leadership skills are needed in every industry and every walk of life. Therefore it is essential for new managers to learn the leadership skills as well as manager skills to perform effectively and efficiently. In this assignment, I investigate what leadership skills required by a manager. My chosen business is Tesco, which is UK biggest retailer and I have been able to investigate these issues by referring to related books and some internet resources. The focus of this assignment is to find which leadership skills required are by Tesco from their manager and how Tesco developed these skills in their managers. The results of this study show that if managers have good leadership skills then managers are ready to lead their team and organisations toward their goals. Introduction Management is a group of individuals taking decisions about how a business is run and also perform some duties like problem solving, decision making, planning, meeting, team management, delegation, and personal development. Despite similarities in the general activities of management, the job roles of individual managers differ widely and the work of manager is varied and fragmented according to business needs and depends on their abilities. The word management evokes power. A negative impact can be caused by having one person superior to every one else, such as a president would take the decision to go to war, even though nobody would be happy with that idea. Now we can see there are different approaches to solve the problems adopt by the managers and the leaders. However the aim of all these approaches is to turn negative thinking into positive. Management is the process of getting work done effectively and efficiently with and through other people and choose the best way which is in the best interest of the organisation and for the team. 21st century management is not business management. It is particularly important for the growth sector of a developed society and Management is the specific and distinguishing organ of any and all organisations. (Drucker, 1999) What is Manager? In any organisation, an individual who is in charge of a certain group of people, tasks or a certain department is called manager. A manager often has a group of people who take orders and give the report to him or her. As an example, a restaurant will have a manager who helps the customers and supervises the hosts as well. Managers designate according to the nature of the department within the company and they can be line managers, store managers or area managers depending upon the functionality of the department. Early in the history of management manager was defined as someone who is responsible for the work of other peoples. (Drucker, 1999) According to Mullins, a manager should be strategically aware and appreciate the origins and nature of change. They should developed themselves and be competent to deal effectively with the problems which represent opportunities and threats to the environment, the organisations culture and values, and the resources of the organisation (Mullins , 1999). Kanter states that Managers also have to be specialists in ambiguity with the ability to cope with conflicting and unclear requirements. (Kanter, 1984) Roles/Duties of Mangers within the Organisation Managers carry out their work on a daily basis and perform different roles/duties according to the situations. A single word to describe all these features would be chaos. (Peters, 1988) Managers have the both duties to manage themselves as well as their subordinates. So here under some of roles/duties of the managers which they perform everyday. Getting things done. Set the daily targets. Planning ahead. Maintaining momentum and making thinks happen. Reacting to demands and request. Communication and decision making. Dealing with customers and staff. Deal with different situations as they arise. Follow the health and safety procedure. Styles of Management and Required Skills We see above the different roles/duties of managers and now we will see various management styles and how managers are functioning in these styles. There are usually five different styles in which a manager may apply leadership attributes to operate effectively at strategic level and keep the team running in businesses. Which are as follows? Democratic Autocratic Paternalistic Laissez-faire Consultative Democratic In this style, manager invites employees to take part in the process of decision-making therefore everything is agreed by the majority. The communication is in both directions from subordinates to leaders and vice-versa. This style can be very useful when crucial decision need to be made which need more attention than others. For example, when a new ICT system needs to be put in place and the upper management of the business is computer-illiterate. In democratic style decision making process is slow but the quality of work improves and makes the best decision for the business. Autocratic An Autocratic or strict manager makes all the decisions, keeping the information and decision making among the senior management. Managers set objectives and tasks for the team and they exactly do as they are told to do. The communication in this style is mainly from leader to the subordinate. According to the critics, this style of management decreases the motivation in the employees. The main advantage of this style is that business looks well managed and the decisions will all be similar but the disadvantage is that subordinates may become highly dependent upon the leaders and supervision may needed all the time. Paternalistic Paternalistic style is good for the welfare and motivation of employees. However managers make the decisions in the best interest of the employees rather than the business. The leader explains most decisions to the employees and ensures that their social and leisure needs are always met. Communication is again downwards but this style is highly advantageous because in this staff looks happier and give their best for the business and the disadvantage is Employees may feel valued but frustrated because there is little scope for decision making. Laissez-faire In a Laissez-faire style, the manager role is secondary and the subordinates are free to make decisions and manage their own areas of the business. The communication move in this style is horizontal, meaning that it is equal in both directions, however very little communication occurs in comparison with other styles. This style is only successful if the team is professional and expert in their areas otherwise may lead to chaos without the involvement of the management. Regular communication and feedback is required for this style of work. Consultative There are two Consultative leadership styles; the first involves the leader sharing the problems with the relevant team members individually getting their ideas and suggestions without bringing them together as a group. Then the leader makes the decision that may or may not reflect the team member influence. The second style is similar but in this leader gets the suggestions from the group of team members and on the basis of these suggestions comes to the decision. (www.thetimes100.co.uk) What is Leadership? Leadership requires a person not to lead a different set of people in an organisation but influence and motivate them. Therefore, the term dictates a person to be followed and respected by others and for these followers to find a way through leadership to express their selves with more exuberance (Heifetz, 1994). Leadership definition according to Northouse is that leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. (Northouse, 2006) It is concerned that how leaders put their influence on followers. The basic of leadership is influence and without put any affect leadership does not exist. The Distinction between Management and Leadership Managers have to be leaders but leaders are often, but not always managers. But the distinction can be made between the process of management and leadership. What is the difference between management and leadership? It is a question that has been asked more than once and also answered in different ways. This is the same as saying that they are working for two different purposes. The easy way to understand the difference is that leadership make the new directions and the manager executes the existing directions as efficiently as possible. The other difference between managers and leaders is that leaders motivate the people who work or follow them and on the other hand managers have subordinates and they work for them but not follow them. Managers normally set the task for their team members and the team do what they are told to do so. But the manager work is not just the monitoring of everyday operations but its also includes handle the complex situations and take decision according t o these situations. Unfortunately, management is mistakenly seen as task-oriented, controlling and insensitive to peoples needs. By contrast, leaders are portrayed as emotionally engaging, visionary and inspiring. An inspiring leader induces us to change direction while an inspiring manager motivates us to work harder to get a tough job done on time. (Armstrong, 2008) What Leadership Skills are required by Manager to Perform Effectively? To manage effectively, an individual requires many skills and various personal qualities for successful completion of their objectives. The quality and the skills together make the management style of the individual and the style directly affect the final outcome of the task completion. As a manager, there are a lot of leadership skills that need to be required by a manager to effectively operate at strategic level. According to the Pedler et al (1986) these are the following leadership skills or attributes that should be possessed by a successful manager and broadly these are: Interpersonal skills Delegation Analytical Problem solver Communication ability Decision making Innovative Influential Providing direction Facilitating change The above mentioned leadership skills is very essential for any manager to perform effectively and successful companies are built by good managers and expert leaders and managers skills play a vital role for the success of the company and most successful companies have the best managers at the business whether they be traditional or internet based companies. Now I would like to discuss some important manager skills which are required by Tesco Company as an example and how their managers use their skills to make the Tesco top retailer in the United Kingdom. History Tesco is a UK-owned supermarket company with revenue of  £47 billion (about  £33 billion in the UK) Tesco is the largest British retailer and is also the worlds third largest grocery retailer with outlets across Europe, USA and Asia. In 1919 Jack Cohen founded Tesco when he began to sell surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London.The company has recently opened stores in all over the world and this is the part of the plan to expand and grow their business all over the world. (Talking Tesco, 2009) What Leadership Skills Tesco Mangers required? A good combination of Tesco management has seen that their company rises above its competitors and dominate the UK market. Tesco management has good criteria about appointing their manager. They have a good system to develop their skills and continuous development plan are other components in the success of Tesco strategic management. So given below are some of the leadership skills which a Tesco manager is required to perform effectively and efficiently. Interpersonal Skills Good interpersonal skills are essential for any organization managers. For example in Tesco stores all the team members has easy access to their managers and can easily speak what they feel or if they have any problem. Delegation Delegation is another important leadership skill which a manager should have to work effectively. Delegation should be applied using the SMART principles. Where SAMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time. In Tesco stores managers is pass out all the information they have to their team members and all of them knows what they expect from them. Analytical Tesco is progressing so fast because their managers analyse the key issue in the market properly and act according to them. For example keep an eye on the prices of their competitors and change them accordingly and in this way you dont lose your customer. Problem Solver Tesco management gives advanced training to their managers to handle the difficult situations and find the best solutions which are according to the legislation and regulations of the company. Communication Ability This skill involves the ability to transmit messages, thoughts, and information and so on by talking, writing etc. Good communication is required within the workplace so that employer and its employees can maintain good working relationship. For example in Tesco when any internal vacancy available then manager have to communicate to the staff first by advertising, by oral communication or through monthly staff meeting. Managing Team This skill shows how manager make plan to manage their teams according to the need of the business and this activity in Tesco consists of designing Rota for each employee and make sure that overtimes and covering for someone who is not available are taken in consideration. Decision making Managers should have the ability to make decisions like leaders and this skill is the one which creates the difference between the effective management and standard management. In Tesco stores mostly decision made by managers and its good for the business because manager work closely with their team and customers and know better than the others who just sitting in the office. Innovative Innovation is very important for the growth of the business and Tesco manager are well aware of these. They try new ideas in the business like the idea of self checkout machines which is very beneficial and through these you can easily increase your sales and customer waiting time is reduced as well. Managing Change In order to become a market leader Tesco managers make sure that they are aware of the changes happening in the market. For example changes in consumer taste, trends and keep an eye on their competitors for counter-act. Achieving Results Managers should have the skill of goal achiever and finish the daily operational task within the given time and this way they can check performance of their team. Performance Focus Tesco manager check their staff performance on monthly or some time on quarterly basis and review their performance and give them a training to improve their effectiveness. Customer Focus In retail business mostly too much focus on customer care and for this they adopt different way to get the customer review about their services or about their products. Providing Direction Tesco have the objective to maximize their profit and for that they give their manager special training that how their manager move their team in right direction which is achieve this target and everybody of their team know what they expect from them. Risk Assessment Managers should be able to do risk assessment on their work place. Manager can calculate the risk by the help of these five steps: Firstly identify the hazards and work out how people could be harmed. Think you might be harmed and how? Evaluate the risks and decide on which precautions you adopt. Record your findings and make a plan to implement them and share with your staff. Review your risk assessment and update if necessary. You can calculate risk assessment by this simple formula Risk = Severity x Likelihood and can record the assessment by help of 3 x 3 matrix (see in appendix 1, page 20) With the help of this chart you can record your risk and make plan for health and safety. (Rowlings, 2010) To conclude, Tesco managers are well equipped with leadership skills which described above and they are very successful in their jobs role and Tesco become the leader of the UK market. Without the presence of these skills managers could be failing and will not be as effective as others, and the business will eventually fail if there is no action taken to develop these skills. After this the next step is personal gap analysis and personal development plan of the manager and its show the clear picture of where they are stand and what steps they need to take to get the desired outcomes. Personal Gap Analysis Gap analysis helps individuals and businesses to achieve their objectives and improve their performance. It is a simple but very effective tool to find the ways between actual and the desired goals or objectives. Successful organisations use this tool for the development of their employees and to identify the area of improvement. Gap analysis begins by asking you two simple questions: (Rowlings, 2010) Where are you now? Where do you want to be? By answering these questions you can easily make personal development plan and the action plan to achieve desired outcome or goal. Personal Development Plan Personal skills development plan is very necessary for any manager to perform effectively. By the audit of your personal skills development plan you can easily know your areas of strength and the areas where you need more training. On the basis of these outcomes you can make your action plan for the future. So as an example I will analyse Tesco store manager Paul Holloway. He is managing the Tesco store at Wolverton for last 8 months and has worked for the company last 23 years in various roles across the country and here is his personal skills audit and personal development plan. Personal Skills Audit and Personal Development Plan Of Paul Holloway Wolverton Tesco Store Manager SKILLS DESCRIPITON Score 1-5 (5 highest ) Communication and literacy skills I am good in communication with my team and team members easily follow me what I want to say. I also have good relation with the customer and its possible by the communication skill 4 Group interpersonal skills ( working with others) I have plenty of experience of working as part of a team and very efficient member of a group. I always try to make positive impact on others and decision which I make depend on the consultation with team and get everybody suggestion to make final decision. I am quite good to welcome to new people and easily adjust with them. 4 Organizational personal skills independent learning and working I am self motivated person and I can plan and schedule the work as I choose. Although I do my best which is best interest of the organization and my team. 3 Research problem solving skills I take problems as a challenges Rather than major obstacles. I discuss with my team and choose the best process to solve the problem and make the plan that ensures that we will not face it in the future. 3 ICT skills I am confident to use the latest technology equipment and good in handling machinery. I use the internet for research and also make contact with my colleagues and top management. 4 Enterprise management skills I try to manage the strategic direction of the whole store and try to keep it on track by making daily basis action plan and review these regularly. 3 Action Plan for Personal Development Plan Outcomes Of Paul Holloway Wolverton Tesco Store Manager ACTION RESOURCES WHEN Promote equality and diversity in my workplace Join the local community centre or some learning organizations to find out more about equality and diversity. Within 3 months Promote the use of technology in my business Promote myself and team members to get training about the new technology. Within 3 months Lead change within my organization Take leadership training course or attend the seminars about change and they implement with in the organization. Within 6 months Develop a strategic plan Try to do more e-learning about the business plan and get the skills required to put plan in the business. Within 2 months Put the business plan into action Implement the business plan and monitor at regular intervals. Within 6 months Having carried out this personal skills audit, we are able to identify the areas where he is strong and where he needs more training and development to operate effectively in these departments. So he can easily make his action plan for the personal development plan outcomes. By these assessments leaders know where they stand and take the best route to achieve their goals. It is also the first step towards their personal and professional development process required to become a strategic leader. Conclusion According to the findings leadership skills of Tesco management is playing a vital role in their success. Tesco is a successful UK organisation and over the past five years their market shares is increased and setup some new retail units as well. This has been achieved by their good management department skills that are playing a major part in their success. Leading is just as important to Tesco as other functions of the management, because Tesco spent too much on their managers training to develop their leadership skills. In other words leading can be directly linked to corporate image in the sense that whatever employees or their managers do is perceived by customers and the local community as their organisational culture. Therefore, if employees are very helpful towards customers it will lead to delight customers and delight customers leads to success of the organisation. Tesco managers have good interpersonal and communicational skills which will create a friendly environment whe re employees will feel free and happy to work and also raise the performance of Tesco and help the company to achieve their objectives. Management of Tesco are doing their best to make their company at the highest position. I have noticed that the role of a manager is very complex and broad. The manager has to try to bring harmony and peace while working in the organisation. Mostly people make a common mistake about the manger is that they must be loud, and a great drinker or a great something social to draw people to them. This is wrong, if you look in any company structure, you will find quiet modest people who manage teams with great personal success. If you are modest and all you need is to talk clearly to the people. The great managers are the ones who accept challenges and who are ready to lead their teams towards a personal vision. According to research, currently in the UK business market only one in five managers is professionally qualified and strong demand for managers who got the leadership skills is growing within the businesses. It is very important for individuals who are in position of great responsibility to be able to play both roles. The person who cannot manage will destroy an organisation just as well as the one who dont know how to lead. But the people who have both skills are on the path to success.