Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth as Tragic Hero The character of Macbeth is a classic example of a Shakespearean tragic hero. there are many factors which contribute to the degeneration of Macbeth of which three will be discussed. The three points which contribute greatly to Macbeths degeneration are the prophecy which was told to him by the witches, how skirt Macbeth influenced and manipulated Macbeths judgment, and finally Macbeths long time ambition which drove his desire to be king. Macbeths growing character degenerates from a noble man to violent individual. The prophecies which were told by the witches were nonpareil of the factors which contributed to the degeneration of his character. If it had not been for the witches telling him that he was to be Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glamis, and king of Scotland, Macbeth would still be his ordinary self. As a result of the prophecies, this aroused Macbeths curiosity of how he could be King of Scotland. As the play progresses, Macbeth slowly relies on the witches prophecies. Shakespeare uses the witches as a remedy for Macbeths curiosity which corrupts his character. The influence of Macbeths wife, brothel keeper Macbeth also contributed to his degeneration of character. noblewoman Macbeths character in the beginning reveals that she is a lovable person. When Lady Macbeth was ready to kill King Duncan herself, it showed that Lady Macbeth could not put to death King Duncan because he reminded her of her father. This proves that Lady Macbeth has a heart deep inside her. Lady Macbeth plays an important role in this play because she provided a scheme which caused Macbeth to assassinate King Duncan. After Macbeth had killed King Duncan, he later regrets on his wrong doing. At the point of this play the audience can note the change in Macbeths character. Macbeths first murder was a trying experience for him, however after the first murder, killing seemed to be the only solution to maintain his reign of the people of Scotland. Therefore , it was Lady Macbeth who introduced the conception of murder to Macbeth. Macbeths ambition also influenced his declining character. However, Macbeths ambition had not been strong enough to carry the motive to kill King Duncan. Lady Macbeths influence also comes in to play because if not for Lady Macbeth, his ambition would not have been intensified enough to drive him to obtain and maintain his title of King of Scotland no field of study what it took, even if it meant murdering.

Essay --

The book The Great Gatsby is a detailed drama set during the prohibition era written by author F. Scott Fitzgerald. While reading this book, people might stumble along several coincidences between the book and Fitzgeralds life. This is because F. Scott Fitzgerald uses his life and everything around him to inspire the several(predicate) style of writing in the novel. While some people state The Great Gatsby is a creative novel, others think its just a reflection. F. Scott Ftizgerald uses things that happened in his life to inspire the situations and complications that the characters go through. He apply his imagination in writing the novel, to take him to new heights as a person, and an explorer. Finally Fitzgerald used the government and life of the United States to build the setting of The Great Gatsby. As a writer, F. Scott Fitzgerald wasnt that versatile or well-known. He started off life in New York, attending a private Catholic school. Even as a child, he was ambitious. When h e was a young adult, he attended Princeton, which is an selected college, but he dropped out because he was most likely going to fail. While he was in the army, he fell in love with a woman named Zelda Sayre. Zelda was unwilling to live on such a small income, so she broke off the engagement. After Fitzgerald published a very universal book and becoming rich, Zelda decided to marry him. While they were going through a rough patch and arguing, Fitzgerald discovered the effects of alcohol. He became an alcoholic, but wrote sober. Fitzgerald loosely wrote about aspiration. Soon, he and his wife were spending more money than they were taking in. He was unable to control his finances and created high levels of debt for his family. He took a meliorate to California, where... ...almost overnight, and a week later he married Zelda Sayre in New York. (University) Like Gatsby, as soon as his love found out he was rich, she became interested in him again. Except Daisy never married Gatsby. He was an alcoholic, but he wrote sober. While Gatsby did not drink, it was a result of his mentor Dan Cody was an alcoholic. Fitzgerald used his habituation as a key factor in this novel. The chief theme of Fitzgeralds work is aspirational idealism. (University) The main character of The Great Gatsby, Gatsby, was a very aspirational person. He always hoped for the best when it came to Daisy. The author that wrote so eloquently about the effects of money in character was unable to manage his own finances. Gatsby always had a ridiculous amount of money. This is what Fitzgerald wished he could have. Nick on the other hand, struggled, just like Fitzgerald.

Sudan is in Need of International Help Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

Sudan is in Need of International HelpIntroI came into this bum wanting to keep my EDGE paper on Iraq but during this year one of the questions that grabbed my attention was what the candidates were passage to do about the situation in the Sudan. I had no prior knowledge of anything concerning the Sudan so when I heard the word genocide and descriptions of how bad the situation has become I felt that it would be an captivate topic for my paper. I was suggested to write sole on the religious aspects of the region but the more information I gathered the more I was compelled to write the whole story. Honestly I can not remember a time where my heart went out to a group of people more than it does to those Sudanese who are being butchered by the government. The more I read the more I wondered why nobody was doing anything. It is moreover recently that we see the world reacting to this crisis that has been going on for around twenty years. It may be bold to say but I feel the Sudan i s my generations Holocaust and if nothing is done the violence is only going to spread and more people will suffer.Geographical InformationSudan is located in the continent of Africa just south of Egypt, eastward of Libya and Chad, northwest of Kenya and east of Ethiopia. It is one of the countries the borders the red sea. Sudan consists of about 2.5 million square kilometers, with 2.3 million square kilometers of land and thirteen-hundred square kilometers of water. The south has a more tropical climate go the north is more desert like. Sudan has a population of roughly thirty-five million people. Of those thirty-five million about fifty-two percent are black, 39 percent are Arab, and the rest are made up of other races. Seven... ...n for aiding countries in need. I feel that so many people have died for no reason that it only seems right that we do all we can to stop it from continuing and most of all stop it from ever happening again. In my sound judgement it should not b e out of pity or out of guilt that we act, it should be our duty as one of the leading countries on our planet to turn out that the United States will not tolerate such injustices no matter where they take place. Im am not suggesting that we police the world, but I am locution that since many countries are not as blessed as we are to have the money and resources that we do, we should not hesitate when an entire country is in need.Sources Citedhttp//www.cnn.comhttp//members.aol.com/casmasalc/hellin.htmhttp//members.aol.com/casmasalc/persecut.htmhttp//www.cnn.comhttp//www.lnsart.comhttp//www.nbc.net

Comparing Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill Essay example -- Karl Marx vs

Karl Marx was born and educated in Prussia, where he fell under the influence of Ludwig Feuerbach and other radical Hegelians. Although he shared Hegels belief in dialectic structure and historical inevitability, Marx held that the foundations of reality lay in the material base of economics rather than in the abstract thought of idealistic philosophy. He acquire a doctorate at Jena in 1841, writing on the materialism and atheism of Greek atomists, then moved to Kln, where he founded and edited a radical newspaper, Rheinische Zeitung. Although he also attempted to earn a living as a journalist in Paris and Brussels, Marxs participation in less-traveled political movements made it difficult to support his growing family. He finally settled in London in 1849, where he lived in poverty piece of music studying and developing his economic and political theories. Above all else, Marx believed that philosophy ought to be employed in practice to change the world. Although it at first had small(a) impact on the varied revolutionary movements of the mid-19th century Europe, the Communist Manifesto was to become one of the most widely read and discussed documents of the 20th century. Marx sought to particularise his brand of fabianism from others by insisting that it was scientifically based in the objective study of history, which he saw as being a endless process of change and transformation. Just as feudalism had naturally evolved into mercantilism and then capitalism, so capitalism would inevitably give way to its logical successor, socialism as the necessary result of class struggle. Marxs insistence that tough-minded realism should replace the utopian idealism of earlier socialists had profound consequences it enabled revolutionaries like Lenin to be coiffe it into action, but it also tended to encourage its followers to accept ruthless means to justify what they believed were historically necessary ends. Radical politics were being much much widely discuss ed than the small number of radicals justified but Marx uses this fact to his advantage by proclaiming that any ideology so feared must be important and value explaining clearly. In the notes, Marx is used as shorthand for both Marx and Engels. The Manifesto was originally issued in several languages, including an English version. According to Mark, the modern age is a chanceful age, an age in which we might ... ...or the few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those nine-tenths. You reproach us, therefore, with intending to do away with a form of spot, the necessary characterise for whose existence is the non-existence of any property for the immense majority of society.In one word, you reproach us with intending to do away with your property. Precisely so that is just what we intend. From the instant when labour can no longer be converted into capital, money, or rent, into a social power capable of being monopolised, i.e., from the moment when individual prope rty can no longer be transformed into bourgeois property, into capital, from that moment, you say individuality vanishes. You must, therefore, confess that by individual you mean no other soul than the bourgeois, than the middle-class owner of property. This person must, indeed, be swept out of the way, and made impossible.Works CitedMarx, K. and Engels, F. Manifesto of the Communist Party, in The Portable Karl Marx, edited by E. Kamenka, clean York Penguin Books 1983. Mill, John Stuart.On Liberty. Indianapolis Hackett, 1978.Mill, John Stuart.Utilitarianism.Indianapolis Hackett, 2001

Digestion and Metabolism of the Koala :: Microbiology Marsupials Essays

Digestion and Metabolism of the Koala Koalas diets consist solely of Eucalyptus, which has many defensive mechanisms to deter herbivores. The foliage contains chemicals that be toxic and interfere with digestion, such as condensed and hydrolysable tannins, phenolic resin compounds, cyanogenic glycosides, and essential oils. The leaves also contain low concentrations of nutrients, making it even more difficult for the extraction of nutrients. In order to obtain the maximum come up of nutrients, koalas select leaves that have high nitrogen content, minimum levels of water and essential oils, and low in condensed tannins. The amount of nutrients absorbed in the gut is dependent on mastication due to the small size of the stomach. The cecum of the koala is 1.3 meters in length and has 8 to 14 folds, allowing epithelial relationships with 45 different species of bacteria. Tannin-protein-complex-degrading enterobacteria, one of the some important species, de grades tannin-protein complexes to remove nitrogen for absorption in the cecum. Juvenile koalas must obtain microflora by ingesting a special form of feces, called pap, from the mother. Introduction Koalas, Phascolarctos cinereus, are classified in the Order Diprodontia of Marsupiala. The major distinguishing characteristics of Diprodontia are syndactyl hind feet, forcipate forepaws, and one functional pair of incisors in the lower jaw (Martin and Handasyde, 1999). Koalas live in the eastern portion of Australia, from coastal and inland Queensland, through New South Wales, and on to Victoria. Among koalas, the size of the animal increases southward. Male koalas in Victoria weigh from 9.5 to 14.9 kilograms, art object in Queensland, they weigh 4.2 to 9.1 kilograms. This trend also occurs in the female populations. In Victoria, females can weigh 7 to 11 kilograms and in Queensland can weigh 4.1 to 7.3 kilograms (Martin and Handasyde, 1999). ternion subsp ecies of koala have actually been classified due to the difference in size and fur color. P. cinereus victor is found in southern Australia and is characterized by thick cinnamon-colored fur and is the largest of the koalas. P. cinereus cinereus is found throughout the koala range and has mixed gray fur.

Digestion and Metabolism of the Koala :: Microbiology Marsupials Essays

Digestion and Metabolism of the Koala Koalas diets consist solely of Eucalyptus, which has many defensive mechanisms to deter herbivores. The foliage contains chemicals that argon toxic and interfere with digestion, such as condensed and hydrolysable tannins, phenoplast compounds, cyanogenic glycosides, and essential oils. The leaves also contain low concentrations of nutrients, making it even more difficult for the extraction of nutrients. In order to obtain the maximum center of nutrients, koalas select leaves that have high nitrogen content, minimum levels of water and essential oils, and low in condensed tannins. The amount of nutrients absorbed in the gut is dependent on mastication due to the small size of the stomach. The cecum of the koala is 1.3 meters in length and has 8 to 14 folds, allowing epithelial relationships with 45 different species of bacteria. Tannin-protein-complex-degrading enterobacteria, one of the nigh important species, degrad es tannin-protein complexes to remove nitrogen for absorption in the cecum. Juvenile koalas must obtain microflora by ingesting a special form of feces, called pap, from the mother. Introduction Koalas, Phascolarctos cinereus, are classified in the Order Diprodontia of Marsupiala. The major distinguishing characteristics of Diprodontia are syndactyl hind feet, forcipate forepaws, and one functional pair of incisors in the lower jaw (Martin and Handasyde, 1999). Koalas live in the eastern portion of Australia, from coastal and inland Queensland, through New South Wales, and on to Victoria. Among koalas, the size of the animal increases southward. Male koalas in Victoria weigh from 9.5 to 14.9 kilograms, temporary hookup in Queensland, they weigh 4.2 to 9.1 kilograms. This trend also occurs in the female populations. In Victoria, females can weigh 7 to 11 kilograms and in Queensland can weigh 4.1 to 7.3 kilograms (Martin and Handasyde, 1999). triad subsp ecies of koala have actually been classified due to the difference in size and fur color. P. cinereus victor is found in southern Australia and is characterized by thick cinnamon-colored fur and is the largest of the koalas. P. cinereus cinereus is found throughout the koala range and has mixed gray fur.

Florida Department of Management Services

The network was up and running and it was secure and reliable, but the revive was slow and the interface clumsy. The applications around the database were old, out of date and were only in batch-mode with fixed-transaction access. The system were complex and when user tried to get something out of the ordinary, they had to wait for geezerhood or weeks for the mainframe programmers developing what was needed.The system is equipped with a firewall to prevent unauthorized access, by analyzing and controlling the incoming and outgoing data network traffic, it is a softw atomic number 18 or hardware-based network security but it blocks all network traffic, slowing and causing inconvenience. DMV is intended to start doing e-commerce and this will take an extra oversee involving security because this applications takes a lot of work, and by adding more security features on the fly would prove problematic once it takes an extended amount of time to near exploits, and it involves more tha n one department.The use of SSL certificates, HTTP and HTTPS must be utilized to protect and authenticate users and employees from packet sniffing hostiles and hackers attack. Transition process The SNA network ascendancy processors were connected to T-1 and T-3 lines in 10 cities. The controller for the communications was within the token ring local area network, computer are connected in a ring or star topology, to prevent collision from computers when they are trying to send messages at the same time.The token rings could as well as permit the terminals of individual(prenominal) computers and other computer equipment. The controllers were designed to handle SNA traffic out of and into the mainframe computers. In order to transform the infrastructure of SNA router network, all the Department of Management work had to connect the boxes, and link them to the central site router of the data center. Critiques The DMS provides numerous serivices and support for its employees and s tate agencies, allowing 6000 users to access the mainframe application in tallahassee.The shared servings gave support for human resources, aloowing users to access information anytime available on the Web servers and on the Web servers at vendor sites, such as reviewing informations about contracts and suppliers. There are specialized services, such agency administration, job-posting service and numerous other services available. The virtual enviroment for providing services is being used by the DMS. They utilize the internet and intranet finished their Web portals.To protect the DMS system from unauthorized access, the DMS employed several people on a full time basis to review information, format it, followed by entering them into the mainframe computers. Additional Services The Florida Department of Management Service built a large information systems network, in the early 1990s, to connect 10 regional sites with the data center in Tallahassee serving the state government agenc ies.The network was developed to use the proprietary Systems Network Architecture from IBM. The DMS was happy with their current set up however they felt the need to expand applications and services. The idea was to incorporate TCP/IP capabilities and Internet access, exploiting the Internet was the primary goal. It did not take long to implement and the DMS created a state wide TCP/IP network where they began offering Internet services to local and state agencies.They also created a suite of applications that would assist in personnel, billing systems online and accounting. The DMS saved $4 million dollars for the state plus an increase in productivity. The DMS should add a feedback service box to its portfolio. The information gathered from its customers would provide users the oppruntunity to improve the service and the system what they may be lacking.

Markets

These markets includes very tough competition as competition in the brew industry is increasingly high. SABMILLER tend to own multiple brands with different market positions. In this market, it is much easier for competitors to launch rival products that compete at a time on monetary value and thus eroding market share. After analyzing the companys competition, SAB miller has and still is experiencing this problem for character in North America especially recently where lnBev has bought Anhevser-Busch this has helped the preponderant Brewer to have kittens a further space between themselves andSABMiller which has affected the companys market share future plans deeply, SABMiller now has to come up with new progressive ideas to try and finale the gap between them and A-B lnBev. The American Industry is the largest brewing market by value as rivalry is now more than brutal than ever, meaning more competitors, are entering into a price war with SABMiller. This has become a huge threat for SABMiller, but it does also hold opportunities to stifle this threat down. For example the company has the opportunity to acquire more stakes in the Brazilian market, or become the owner of China resources which is the largest brewer in China.SABs acquisition of Miller was largely due to the pressure from the London Stock Exchange. It is felt that SAB was at risk due to its over reliance of soft currencies in certain market. nevertheless though their core competences were elsewhere, SAB went on with the takeover to please the stakeholders. SABMillers South African Culture has shaped the strategic development of the company. It is this culture, which makes their distinct might of entering rising markets less imitable. As highlighted in the case study, SABMiller strategy represents synthesis of learning based on the historical developments of the company.MarketsThese markets includes very tough competition as rivalry in the Brewing industry is increasingly high. SABMILL ER tend to own multiple brands with different market positions. In this market, it is much easier for competitors to launch rival products that compete directly on price and thus eroding market share. After analyzing the companys competition, SABMiller has and still is experiencing this problem for example in North America especially recently where lnBev has bought Anhevser-Busch this has helped the dominant Brewer to enlarge a further space between themselves andSABMiller which has affected the companys market share future plans deeply, SABMiller now has to come up with new innovative ideas to try and close the gap between them and A-B lnBev. The American Industry is the largest brewing market by value as rivalry is now more intense than ever, meaning more competitors, are entering into a price war with SABMiller. This has become a huge threat for SABMiller, but it does also hold opportunities to weaken this threat down. For example the company has the opportunity to acquire more s takes in the Brazilian market, or become the owner of China resources which is the largest brewer in China.SABs acquisition of Miller was largely due to the pressure from the London Stock Exchange. It is felt that SAB was at risk due to its over reliance of soft currencies in certain market. Even though their core competences were elsewhere, SAB went on with the takeover to please the stakeholders. SABMillers South African Culture has shaped the strategic development of the company. It is this culture, which makes their distinct capability of entering emerging markets less imitable. As highlighted in the case study, SABMiller strategy represents synthesis of learning based on the historical developments of the company.

Precepts of the Ibm Essay

Theory Getting the Best From all Team Members (Also kn induce as LMX or Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory) Meaning of LMX This detail is at the heart of the Leader-Member Exchange Theory. This surmise, too known as LMX or the Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory, explores how draws and managers develop relationships with team up members and it explains how those relationships can each contribute to exploitation or hold mountain back. Intro to LMXUnderstanding the Theory The Leader-Member Exchange Theory first emerged in the 1970s. It focuses on the relationship that develops in the midst of managers and members of their teams. The theory states that all relationships between managers and helpers go through three stages. These are Role-Taking. Role-Making. R turn outinization. Lets look at each stage in great detail. 1. Role-Taking Role-taking occurs when team members first join the group. Managers use this time to assess modern members skills and abilities. 2. Role-MakingNew team mem bers then begin to work on projects and tasks as dampen of the team. In this stage, managers generally expect that new team members will work hard, be loyal and prove trustworthy as they get used to their new role. The theory says that, during this stage, managers sort new team members (often subconsciously) into one of two groups. In-Group if team members prove themselves loyal, trustworthy and skilled, theyre put into the In-Group. This group is made up of the team members that the manager trusts the most.Managers give this group most of their vigilance, providing challenging and interesting work, and offering opportunities for additional training and advancement. This group also gets more one-to-one time with the manager. Often, spate in this group prepare a similar personality and work-ethic to their manager. Out-Group if team members betray the trust of the manager, or prove that theyre unmotivated or incompetent, theyre put into the Out-Group. This groups work is often r estricted and unchallenging. Out-Group members tend to have less access to the manager, and often bustt receive opportunities for growth or advancement. . Routinization During this last phase, routines between team members and their managers are established. In-Group team members work hard to maintain the good opinion of their managers, by showing trust, respect, empathy, patience, and persistence. can be used for outcome that effect the organization Out-Group members may start to dislike or distrust their managers.Because its so hard to move out of the Out-Group one time the perception has been established, Out-Group members may have to change departments or organizations in order to start oer. Once team members have been classified, even subconsciously, as In-Group or Out-Group, that compartmentalization affects how their managers relate to them from then on, and it can become self-fulfilling. For instance, In-Group team members are often seen as rising stars and the manager t rusts them to work and perform at a gritty level. This is also the group that the manager talks to most, offering support and advice, and theyre given the best opportunities to test their skills and grow. So, of course, theyre more likely to develop in their roles.This also holds true for the Out-Group. The manager spends little, if any, time trying to support and develop this group. They receive few challenging assignments or opportunities for training and advancement. And, because theyre never tested, they have little chance to change the managers opinion. Using the Theory You can use the Leader-Member Exchange Theory to be aware of how you perceive members of your own team. To do this, follow these steps 1. Identify Your Out-Group Chances are, you know whos in your Out-Group already.Take a moment to note their names down. Next, analyze why these people have fallen out of favor. Did they do something specifically to lose your trust? Do they exhibit bad manner at work? Are they really incompetent, or do they have low motivation? Analyze what theyve actually done, and compare the facts with your perceptions. Do these match, or have you (perhaps subconsciously) blown things out of proportion? 2. doctor the Relationship Its important that, as the leader, you make a reasonable effort to reestablish a relationship with Out-Group team members.Research published in the Leadership Quarterly journal in 1995 showed that team members who have proud quality relationships with their leader have higher morale, and are more productive than those who dont. So you, and your organization, can benefit from creating a better relationship. Keep in mind that this group will likely be wary of any attention or support from you after all, they may not have had it in the past. First, meet each team member one-on-one. Take the time to find out if theyre happy with their job. What are their career goals? What can you do to make their work more challenging or engaging?A one-on-one collision can also help you identify that persons psychological contract with you that is, the unspoken benefits they expect from you, as their leader. If theyre in the Out-Group, they may find oneself that the psychological contract has been broken. You also need to discover what truly motivates them. Use McClellands Human Motivation Theory or Herzbergs Motivators and Hygiene broker Theory to find out what drives them to succeed. Once youve had a chance to reconnect with your team members through one-on-one meetings, do what you sensibly can to continue to touch undercoat with them.Practice management by walking around, or drop by their office to see if they need help on projects or tasks. Work on getting to know these team members on a personal level. 3. Provide Training and Development Opportunities Remember, the biggest advantage to the Leader-Member Exchange Theory is that it alerts you to the preference you might unconsciously and possibly unfairly be showing some team m embers this allows you to offer all of your team members appropriate opportunities for training, development, and advancement.Your Out-Group team members may benefit from a mentoring or coaching relationship with you. You may also want to provide them with low risk opportunities to test and grow their skills. Use task allocation strategies to make certain(a) youre assigning the right task to the right person. Also, take our Bite-Sized Training session, Setting Goals for Your Team, to learn how to set effective and realistic goals for these team members.You can also use the Nine-Box Grid for Talent Management to re-assess their potential from time to time, and to give them the right development opportunities. LMX Theory amp Organizational Effectiveness from http//www. technofunc. com/index. php/leadership-skills/leadership-theories/item/leader-member- reciprocation-theory-lmx-theory LMX theory is directly related to organizational effectiveness as the quality of leadermember substi tutes relate to positive outcomes for leaders, followers, groups, and the organization in general.More In-Group members means high-quality leadermember exchanges and that results in less employee turnover, more positive performance evaluations, higher frequency of promotions and greater organizational commitment. Learn more at www. technofunc. com. Your online source for issue professional tutorials. Info frompdf The relationship Between Leader-member Exchange(LMX) motivated to support rather than bear the influence attempt.Conversely, employees in low LMX relationships are accustomed to antagonistic behaviors and may view consultation tactics as insincere and motivated by opportunistic intentions. For example, leaders with poor reputations who engage in supportive behaviors are viewed as self- serving and insincere. Similarly, for employees in low LMX relationships, a managers use of consultation tactics may be perceived as self-serving attempts to garner employee favor, or eve n to highjack employee ideas, rather than as an attempt to improve the change initiative.Such perceptions would likely cause these influence attempts to backfire and prompt employees to resist the influence attempt. It is likely that the contribution aspect of the leadermember relationship (which reflects the amount of effort expended toward vulgar goals) will be a stronger predictor of citizenship behavior than will loyalty and professional respect, in part because citizenship behavior reflects effort expended beyond ones normal role requirements (Illes, Nahrgana, and Morgeson, 2007). iffers from other leadership theories by its focus on the dyadic relationship and the unique relationships leaders develop with each follower (Gerstner amp Day, 1997 Liden, Sparrowe, amp Wayne, 1997). Strong LMX relationships are characterized by support, mutual trust, respect, and liking (Graen amp Uhl-Bien, 1995). Interactions between employees and managers in strong LMX relationships typically rei nforce positive affect and strengthen the relationship bond (Fairhurst, 1993).Such relationships include the exchange of material and nonmaterial goods that extend beyond what is specified in the formal job description (Liden et al. , 1997 Liden amp Graen, 1980). This relationship has important implications for Biomedical Informatics technicians and vendors because at high levels of relationships, there is less resistance to change and use of sanctions also seems inconsistent with past behavior (Frust amp Cable, 2008).The LMX model suggests that leaders do not use the same style or set of behaviors uniformly across all members. Instead, unique relationships or exchanges develop with each member. These exchanges range from low to high quality. In addition, the theory contends that a supervisor will develop different quality exchange relationships with each of his or her subordinates which remain relatively stable over time. Employees with high-quality exchanges have been referred to as in the in-group and those with low-quality exchanges as in the out-group. In strong LMX relationships, employees are more likely to be involved and provide information call for for task accomplishment. These employees should be LMX and CMX Theory 6 An alternative approach to understanding a leaders influence on individual follower or subordinate effectiveness is through the focus on dyadic relationships between leaders and each of their subordinates (Dansereau et al. , 1975). Originally termed vertical dyad linkage (Dansereau et al. , 1975), leadermember exchange theory LMX and CMX Theory 5

Group Dynamics Essay

What is host kinetics? Perhaps it lead be most partful to start by looking at the derivation of the enounce dynamics. It comes from a Greek word meaning force. In c arful usage the phrase, group dynamics hangs to the forces operating in groups. The investigating of group dynamics, then, consists of a study of these forces what receives rise to them, what conditions modify them, what consequences they have, etc. The practical application of group dynamics (or the technology of group dynamics) consists of the utilization of knowledge most these forces for the achievement of some purpose.In keeping with this definition, is not particularly novel, nor is it the exclusive property of any person or institution. It goes back at least to the keen operation of men like Simmel, Freud, and Cooley. Although interest in groups has a long and respectable history, the past fifteen years have witnessed a new efflorescence of activity in this field. Today, research centers in several coun tries atomic number 18 carrying out substantial programmes of research designed to reveal the nature of groups and of their functioning.The phrase group dynamics had come into common usage during this time and intense efforts have been devoted to the development of the field, both as a branch of brotherly science and as a form of complaisant technology. In this development the name of Kurt Lewin had been outstanding. As a consequence of his give in the field of individual psychology and from his abbreviation of the nature of pressing difficultys of the contemporary world, Lewin became convinced of societys urgent need for a scientific approach to the lowstanding of the dynamics of groups.In 1945 he established the Research Center for Group Dynamics to meet this need. Since that date the Centre has been devoting its efforts to improving our scientific understanding of groups through laboratory experimentation, field studies, and the use of techniques of implement research. It has to a fault attempted in various ways to help get the findings of social science more widely used by social management. Much of what I have to say in this paper is drawn from the experiences of this Center in its brief existence of a little more than louvre years.We hear all around us today the assertion that the problems of the twentieth century are problems of human relations. The survival of civilization, it is said, will depend upon mans ability to create social interventions capable of harnessing, for societys constructive use, the vast physical energies now at mans disposal. Or, to put the subject more simply, we must(prenominal) learn how to budge the way in which people behave toward cardinal another.In broad outline, the specifications for a good society are clear, but a serious technical problem remains How can we change people so that they neither resile the freedom nor limit the potentialities for exploitation of others so that they accept and respect peopl e of diametric religion, nationality, colour, or political opinion so that nations can exist in a world without war, and s that the fruits of our technological advances can bring economic well-being and freedom from disease to all people of the world?Although few people would disagree with these objectives when stated abstractly, when we give out more specific, differences of opinion quickly arise. These questions permit no ready answers. How is change to be produced? Who is to do it? Who is to be changed? Before we consider in detail these questions of social technology, let us clear away some semantic obstacles. The word change produces emotional reactions. It is not a neutral word. To many people it is threatening. It conjures up visions of a revolutionary, a dissatisfied idealist, a trouble-maker, a malcontent.Nicer speech referring to the process of changing people are education, training, orientation, guidance, indoctrination, therapy. We are more ready to have others dire ct us than have them change us. We, ourselves feel less guilty in training others than in changing them. Why this emotional response? What makes the two kinds of words have such different meanings? I believe that a large part of the difference lies in the fact that the safer words (like education and therapy) carry underlying assurance that the only changes produced will be good ones, acceptable within a currently held value system.The cold, unmodified word change, on the contrary, promises no respect for values it might even tamper with values themselves. perhaps for this very reason it will foster straight thinking if we use the word change and thus force ourselves to struggle directly and self-consciously with the problems of value that are involved. Words like education, training, or therapy, by the very fact that they are not so disturbing, may close our eyes to the fact that they too inevitably involve values.How can we change people so that they neither restrict the freedom nor limit the potentialities for growth of others so that they accept and respect people of different religion, nationality, colour, or political opinion so that nations can exist in a world without war, and so that the fruits of our technological advances can bring economic wellbeing and freedom from disease to all people of the world? The proposal that social technology may be employed to solve the problems of society suggests that social science may be applied in ways not different from those used in the physical sciences.Does social science, in fact, have any practically useful knowledge which may be brought to bear significantly on societys most urgent problems? What scientifically based principles are there for guiding programmes of social change In this paper we shall restrict our considerations to trusted parts of a relatively new branch of social science known as group dynamics. We shall examine some of the implications for social action which stem from research in this f ield of scientific investigation. Consider first some matters having to do with the mental health of an individual.We can all agree, I believe, that an authorised mark of a healthy personality is that the individuals self-confidence has not been undermined. But on what does self-esteem depend? From research on this problem we have discovered that, among other things, repeated experiences of failure or traumatic failures on matters of central importance serve to undermine ones self-esteem. We also know that whether a person experiences success or failure as a result of some undertaking depends upon the level of aspiration which he has delimit for himself.Now, if we try to discover how the level of aspiration gets set, we are immediately involved in the persons relationships to groups. The groups to which he belongs set standards for his demeanour which he must accept if he is to remain in the group. If his capacities do not allow him to reach these standards, he experiences failu re, he withdraws or is rejected by the group and his self-esteem suffers a shock. Consider a second example. A teacher finds that in her class she has a number of trouble-makers, full of aggression.She wants to know why these children are so aggressive and what can be done intimately it. A foreman in a factory has the akin kind of problem with some of his workers. He wants the same kind of help. The solution most tempting to both the teacher and the foreman often is to transfer the worst trouble-makers to someone else, or if facilities are available, to refer them for counselling. But is the problem really of such a nature that it can be solved by removing the trouble-maker from the touch or by working on his individual motivations and emotional life?What leads does research give us? The evidence indicates, of course, that there are many causes of aggressiveness in people, but one fit of the problem has become increasingly clear in recent years. If we observe care to the full th e amount of aggressive behaviour and the number of trouble-makers to be found in a large collection of groups, we find that these characteristics can vary tremendously from group to group even when the different groups are composed essentially of the same kinds of people.In the now classic experiments of Lewin, Lippitt and White (1939) on the effects of different styles of leadership, it was found that the same group of children displayed markedly different levels of aggressive behaviour when under different styles of leadership. Moreover, when individual children were transferred from one group to another, their levels of aggressiveness shifted to conform to the atmosphere of the new group. Efforts to account for one childs aggressiveness under one style of leadership merely in terms of his personality traits could hardly succeed under these conditions.This is not to say that a persons behaviour is entirely to be accounted for by the atmosphere and structure of the immediate group, but it is remarkable to what an extent a strong, cohesive group can control aspects of a members behaviour traditionally thought to be expressive of enduring personality traits. Recognition of this fact rephrases the problem of how to change such behaviour. It directs us to a study of the sources of the influence of the group on its members. Within very recent years some research data have been accumulating which may give us a clue to the solution of our problem.In one series of experiments directed by Lewin, it was found that a method of group decision, in which the group as a whole made a decision to have its members change their behaviour, was from two to ten times more effective in producing true change as was a lecture presenting exhortation to change (Lewin, 1951). We have yet to learn precisely what produces these differences of effectiveness, but it is clear that by introducing group forces into the situation a whole new level of influence has been achieved. The experience has been essentially the same when people have attempted to increase the productivity of individuals in work settings.Traditional conceptions of how to increase the output of workers have stressed the individual * Select the right man for the job * Simplify the job for him * Train him in the skills postulate * Motivate him by economic incentives * Make it clear to whom he reports * Keep the lines of authority and responsibility simple and straight. But even when all of these conditions are fully met we find that productivity is far below full potential. There is even good reason to conclude that this individualistic conception of the determinants of productivity actually fosters negatively charged consequences.The individual, now isolated and subjected to the demands of the organization through the commands of his boss, finds that he must create with his fellow employees informal groups, not shown on any table of organization, in vow to protect himself from arbitrary control of his life, from the boredom produced by the endless repetition of mechanically sanitary and routine operations, and from the impoverishment of his emotional and social life brought astir(predicate) by the frustration of his basic needs for social interaction, participation, and acceptance in a stable group.Recent experiments have demonstrated clearly that the productivity of work groups can be greatly increased by methods of work organization and supervision which give more responsibility to work groups, which allow for fuller participation in important decisions, and which make stable groups the firm basis for support of the individuals social needs (Coch & French, 1948). It is points out future research will also demonstrate that people working under such conditions become more mature and creative individuals in their homes, in community life, and as citizens.A few years ago the Research Center for Group Dynamics undertook to shed light on this problem by investigating the operat ion of a store for training leaders in intercultural relations (Lippitt, 1949). In a project, directed by Lippitt, they set out to compare systemically the different effects of the shop upon trainees who came as isolated individuals in contrast to those who came as teams. Six months after the workshop, however, those who had been trained as isolates were only slightly more active than before the workshop whereas those who had been members of strong training teams were now much more active.They do not have clear evidence on the point, but they are quite sealed that the maintenance of heightened activity over a long period of time would also be much better for members of teams. For the isolates the effect of the workshop had the characteristic of a shot in the arm while for the team member it produced a more enduring change because the team provided continuous support and reinforcement for its members. What conclusions may we draw from these examples? What principles of achieving ch ange in people can we see emerging?To begin with the most general position, we may state that the behaviour, attitudes, beliefs, and values of the individual are all firmly grounded in the groups to which he belongs. How aggressive or cooperative a person is, how much self-respect and self-confidence he has, how energetic and creative his work is, what he aspires to, what he believes to be true and good, whom he loves or hates, and what beliefs and prejudices he holdsall these characteristics are highly determined by the individuals group memberships.In a real sense, they are properties of groups and of the relationships between people. Whether they change or resist change will, therefore, be greatly influenced by the nature of these groups. Attempts to change them must be concerned with the dynamics of groups. In examining more specifically how groups enter into the process of change, we find it useful to view groups in at least three different ways. In the first view, the group i s seen as a source of influence over its members.Efforts to change behaviour can be support or blocked by pressures on members stemming from the group. To make constructive use of these pressures the group must be used as a medium of change. In the second view, the group itself becomes the target of change. To change the behaviour of individuals it may be necessary to change the standards of the group, its style of leadership, its emotional atmosphere, or its stratification into cliques and hierarchies. Even though the goal may be to change the behaviour of individuals, the target of change becomes the group.In the third view, it is recognized that many changes of behaviour can be brought about only by the organization efforts of groups as agents of change. A committee to combat intolerance, a labour union, and employers association, a citizens group to increase the pay of teachersany action group will be more or less effective depending upon the way it is organized, the satisfactio ns it provides to its members, the degree to which its goals are clear, and a host of other properties of the group.

A Comparison between Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and James Joyce’s Araby

One sidereal sidereal day in the life of Ivan Desinovich by Aleksander Solyztien is story of a geniuss quest of survival in a hostile environment. The novel is a very detailed and graphic description of one homosexuals struggle in a Stalinist work campsite. It is the story of Ivan Denisovich, in addition called Shukhov, and his determination and strength to endure the hardships of imprisonment and dehumanization. The story takes place in a Russian prison camp after World War II. Ivan Shukhov Denisovich, the main character, is sentenced to a prison camp after having been a prisoner of the Germans during the war.The camp conveys a hopeless situation that only human integrity can overcome. Araby by James Joyce is a amorous quest about a puppylike boy who falls in love and pursues his quest of bringing something for his loved one from a place he thinks to be exotic and unexplored. On canvas these two literary workings, there are some alikeities as hygienic as differences. Ev en though both the literary works are distinct kinds of quest, One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich being a survival quest and Araby being a romantic quest, both guard similar brokers that destine a quest.Firstly, the protagonists in both literary works are heroes and exceptional beings who have struggled courageously. Secondly the protagonists undergo through the process of mental sack and cobblers last and rebirth of self. The only difference is that One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich is a dull and depressing novel about a prisoner who struggles to locomote whole Araby is refreshing and joyous story about an innocent infants first love. Both literary works bear some similar quest elements and also differences. The essential element of a quest is the hero and his conflict.Heroes are those who have found or done something beyond the normal range of a function of experience and it takes action for a cause greater than oneself and are motivated by some kind of ideal or a reasonable thought. This element is apparent in both works. Firstly, Ivan Desinovich can be called a hero as who has survived for m any years in the camp or gulag without losing mental symmetry and self respect. This is an unusual achievement as it is difficult to preserve sense of humanity and self-dignity which Shukhov has achieved, unlike others who have become savage.Such was Shukhovs sense of pride and superciliousness who would never lower himself like that Fetiukov, he would never look at a mans mouth. (p 22) Secondly, the protagonist of Araby is a kid who falls in love with a girl and desires to explore the exotic location called Araby. This is also an unusual thing as this is the first the protagonist goes to a journey without any past experience and imagines the place to be really exotic and having a magical enchantment.This is evident when the protagonist expresses his feelings and imagination by saying, The syllables of the word Araby were called to me through the c loseness in which my soul luxuriated and cast an Eastern enchantment over me. Thirdly, the protagonists in both the novels are motivated in a certain way. For Shukov, this motivation was the lack to go home and help the family as the narrator says His wifes dearest hope was that when he got home he would keep clear of the kolkhoz and take up discolour himself.That way they could get out of the poverty she was struggling against, send their children to trade schools, and build themselves a new cottage in place of their old derelict place( pg 129). The child in Araby however, is strongly movitated by promise he made to his loved one to bring something and is greatly enthusiastic when the condition says I had hardly any patience with the serious work of life which, now that it stood between me and my desire, waitmed to me childs play, ugly monotonous childs play. Another element of a quest is that the hero undergoes mental transformation.In this process, the old ideas and thinkin g of the hero disintegrates and he begins to view life with a new perspective. This process helps the character heavily in maturing him/her. The protagonists of the two literary works also find themselves changed and possessing a new attitude. Firstly, Ivan Desinovich change of the manipulation of planning ahead is indicated when the narrator says During the years in prison Shukhov had lost the habit of planning for the next day, for a year ahead, for supporting his family.The authorities did his thinking for him about everythingit was somehow easier that way (pg 122). Secondly, in the narrative Araby, a small childs innocence and love is killed and replaced by vanity, anguish and anger. The innocent child who imagines sweet day dreams about love surprisingly says Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity and my eyes burned with anguish and anger. In this way the reader can see that both the protagonists go through the process of mental tra nsformation where their premature ideas about love, old notions and opinions are replaced with more mature conclusions and realistic as well as a serious perspective for life. Differences also exist as far as the plot and the mood of the works are concerned. Although these literary works contain similar quest qualities, there are some differences that draw a line between the two.Firslty Even though the novel One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich gives the readers a strong message about preserving self dignity, it remains a dull and depressing novel whereas Araby generates a healthy retort and attitude from readers as it contains innocent and lively story about a childs first love which the readers also identify with. One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich is a dull novel because it makes the readers aware of the physical and mental tortures on prisoners. Secondly, Araby gives the readers a happy impression with the theme of love of a young boy.The audience identify with the condit ion and the protagonists idealization about the lover and this keeps them indulged in the story which is completely contradictory with the theme of a prisoners life where the reader is faced with a complete alien as well as a cruel environment. Thirdly, In Ivan desinoich, the author uses characterization, motifs and figurative language to express the dehumazing environment of the gulag whereas in Araby, the author uses personification and characterization to show the contrasting happy and flowering mood.In One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich the author uses motifs of evil by institutions such as Come on paw me as hard as you like. Theres nobody but my soul in my chest. Pg 25 and No one would care if a prisoner froze to death, but what if he tried to escape? Pg 38 and also charactherization such as all his longing was concentrated in that fag-end of the cigarette which meant more to him now, it seemed, than freedom itself but he would never lower himself like that Fetiukov, he would never look at a mans mouth Pg 22.In Araby, however the author James Joyce uses personification such as My body was like a harp and her words and gestures were the fingers (pg 182 1st para last line) trying to show the reader the happy mood and idealization by the protagonist. Thus differences result in the incompatible moods of the novel. Both the literary works thus follow the direction of a heros quest. Even though both follow different type of quests, there are some general similar quest elements such as presence of a hero who is an exceptional being, mental transformation of this hero and certain motivation of the hero for quest.While the protagonist in One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich struggles to survive in an inhuman environment, protagonist in Araby aims to explore an alien market in order to bring something for his loved one. One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich therefore, is a survival quest whereas Araby is an romantic quest. However, their themes contrast drastically. While One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich offers depressing and serious story, Araby is about first love. In this way, both literary works bear certain similarities and differences.

Communications Character Conflict Essay Essay

I cant believe you, all your gifts, all your powers, and you.. you squander them for your suffer personal gain. (Hal Stewart) Yes (Megamind) No Im the villain this is the main conflict between characters Megamind and Hal Stewart in the hit motion picture Megamind. Megamind defeats the cities beloved super gunman Metro Man, they had been enemies since wander school and Megamind has incessantly been the bad guy causing trouble and Metro Man was always saving the day and the people from the evils of Megeminds treachery.But soon afterward this deafeat Megamind realizes he misses the way things used to be, there was no more excitement and rush of being the villain in an epic good vs. evil battle. So, Megamind has devised a way that he can give any normal human being all the gifts and powers that Metro Man himself possessed. He settles on a youthful man named Hal Stewart, a cameraman for a news station, which he filmed the news girl who he claimed to be in love with, but everyone mentation she was with Metro Man because he was always saving her. So Megamind gives Hal all the super powers, and gives him a new identity of Titan.However, to Megminds Dismay, Hal starts abusing his powers and begins stealing from banks, and using his powers to give-up the ghost equipment, video games etc.. This is a great example of unproductive conflict. Instead of creating a new evil versus good scenario with Hal or Titan, Hal just commandeers the whole metropolis and puts them all at his mercy. It has many negative impacts the two characters, their relationship, and the situation. The aggression between them and the situation in general becomes increases greatly and human actions even hostile because of the flaws in their communication.Megamind has genuine qualities about the way he communicates that it often rushs him into trouble. In fact pretty much every idea he comes up with in the process, he always seems to get either seriously injured, or suffers in some other way, all because of his communicative handicap. some(prenominal) of the functions of communication Megamind uses, is he begins a relationship with a character named Hal Stewart to achieve a specific goal premeditated so he could accomplish what he wished to have done.What he wanted done was to turn Hal into a super hero and give him all the powers that the late Metro Man possessed, so that he could resume his role as the villain formerly again, since he defeated the last super hero he longed for the epic battle of Good vs. Evil. First of all, Hal isnt the brightest pick to turn someone into a super hero, but Megamind is located he is the perfect pick after a misunderstood first impression of Hal.Megaminds best friend even shows in many ways, he does not approve of Hal as being the one who has the traits of being a good super hero, most of the ways non verbal. Megamind even changes his own identity as Hals Space Dad, for the purpose of guiding Hal into fulfilling his destiny as the citys new found super hero Titan. So Megamind actually is affecting the situation and their relationship as two different consequential characters in Hals vivification and will play play big parts in his decisions.Hal Stewart, aka Titan aka Cameraman, is a very interesting character because of how he expresses his own communicational traits, it is entertaining. His comprehension of what a super hero means, and what sort of privileges or advantages he believes comes with being Titan are affected by the culture he lives in. Some of his expectations, the most important towards the story and the one that makes the most dramatic influence is the super hero always gets the girl. This thinking of Hals is a mindlessness perception and also selective perception of how he sees a super hero.Obviously he does not get the girl he claims hes in love with, because the thing he is mindlessness about is that just because you can fly and have huge muscles doesnt mean you will always get girl, its about whats underneath, not on the surface, which I believe is the lesson Life is trying to teach him. Another misperception he has is what should be accomplished with the incredible new gifts that he has recently required. Instead of catching bad guys, and making sure justice stands within the city and her people, Hal actually robs banks, and other equipment, video games etc.. nd is determined that the powers mean get rich, and get rich quick. These are all things that Megamind does not anticipate before hand and turns into being the exact opposite of what he wanted, all because Hals misunderstanding, and the communicational barriers of Megamind. Although, there isnt a whole lot of competent communication going on with Megamind and Hal, in the end he still gets an incredibly large amount accomplished. The things that were bigger then even his beloved epic good vs. evil battles.He grew in more important ways, he grew as a specimen, and became a happier person, which ultimately shoul d be eternal goal of communication and the functions and steps that are not only necessary and fundamentally impossible to accomplish anything without them, competent or incompetent, things still move forward and things get done. In the end Megamind finds his true purpose and a higher purpose, on the way falling in love and discovering a more meaningful life all thanks to communication, and the culture which helps him perceive and judge.

Masculinity in Beloved

Bondage steals away the hu art object characteristics of the slaves. They are treated by others on par with animals that the fine distinctions that subsist their society are not only blurred from the vision of the observers but also from themselves. Masculinity as a hu manhood trait that defines the other fractional of human race is an font of individuality and it is no wonder that any trace of such individuality is suppressed and disfigured beyond recognition in the era of slavery.In Tony Morrisons Beloved, in that location is a lot of malevolence and violence but the masculinity is itself like a slave movementing to buy its liberty of expression and more often than not failing to do so. The murderous rage and grief of Sethe which prompts her to behead her own daughter with a saw (how savage) and try to kill her other children is an expression of the brutality of Slavery that mother would essential her children dead than suffer the same fate as her.It is the destruction of ma sculinity, which finds more expression in Beloved than the ideal shape of Masculinity. The distinction between the genders is obliterated in their common suffering and pain. Halle, who is reported to be a witness to the molesting of his married woman by the nephews of he school master who nursed their milk which was by natural right her other daughters and also hid in the attic as a mute witness to her punishment which left her scarred is an expression of friendless ness that pervaded the male of the species called Slaves.A fathers natural intelligence to protect his children and a mates instinctive reactions to the suffering of his partner are the truest and most enduring qualities of Masculinity which are denied to Halle (which perhaps leads him to become the mad, invisible, wo loser of the book) The biggest blow to a mans identity and his gender is, perhaps, when his own wife is taken as a mistress by the man who is also his master and he can do nothing about it. Stamp paid w as a victim of such misery and he became asunder of the under ground railroad which helped the Negroes escape to freedom.All that he asked in return for his assistance was that their homes remain open for him always. The lack of a family or the loss of his erstwhile(prenominal) family and the need to be seen as a savior/protector, which is the ordained role of male of the species according to the rules of nature drives stamp paid o be of help to all who need it. He is also Baby Suggs friend, and keeps frequenting 124. In fact he is instrumental in saving Denver and the other two boys the day school teacher comes to take Sethe and her kids away and Sethe in a fit of rage kills her elder daughter.The central character, which in all its multihued splendor or pain brings about the various stages of suppressed masculinity in Beloved, is Paul D. He is the still living sweet home man and he has a colorful past to say the lest. He along with his two brothers, Halle and Sixo plot their es cape from Schoolteacher but are captured. He is captured and lie an animal in chains with a metal in his mouth is dragged to prison for allegedly trying to kill Brandywine. He escapes to north and since attaining his freedom he is restless with the prescript human and male emotions of finding a home and settling down.He reaches 124 and finds Sethe whom he has fancied from their time in Sweet home and chooses to settle down there with her as she had n mavin to take care of her except Denver and Beloved. In spite of himself and against his wishes he becomes tempted by Beloveds seduction and makes her pregnant. He leaves 124 afterwards he learns from Stamp paid about the fact that Sethe had killed her own daughter. A person trying to run away from himself and his painful past does not want to be man enough to deal with a life with Sethe, which forever shall remain ensconced in the past of murder of her own blood.On the other end of the spectrum is Sixo, the colorful colored slave at Sweet home who has his soul mate in a slave yard 30 miles away and therefore he calls her the thirty mile woman. As he along with Paul D and F and the thirty-mile-woman plan to escape, Schoolteacher catches him and sets him on fire. It is mentioned that he laughs for the first time when he set on fire and as his legs are burning, he shouts Seven O as his thirty mile woman has escaped and she is pregnant with his child.This one instance of defiance and mirth in the face of mortal danger is the only symbol of malevolent and idealistic black masculinity to be be in the entire book. Paul Garner, as the kind man who knew to treat his slaves with respect and trust their judgment in the plantation matters and who gave them the independence to marry and in the case of Halle, buy his mother s freedom comes across as a man who is quietly confident of his won masculinity and also in the fact that men in any race or tribe try to be responsible for their women folk and children.Black masculini ty is the most mutilated under-current of the apologue Beloved that Tony Morrison is able to create pathos in the novel towards the travails of Slavery by bringing into sharp contrast the suppressed need of a man to be a man and the deathly anguish (like that of Halle sitting by a butter churn, with a vacant look on his face with butter smeared all over his face) when he is not allowed to be so.More tragic than the murder, loss or betrayal is the denial of basic human traits and the lack of identity, which Slavery hale upon the colored people and shall forever remain a blot on the history of all civilized nations, which permitted the inhuman practice.

Solving Problems and Making Decisions Essay

BackgroundThe aim of the cervical privacying programme is to mow the incidence of, and unwholesomeness and mortality from, invasive cervical nookiecer. This is achieved by masking eligible women amidst the ages of 25 and 65 years.In my role as an acting Senior Biomedical Scientist in the cytology department, I separate and report blackb alone and inadequate cervical auditions in line with thirty protocols as well as facilitating the flow of brachydactylic cervical assays by means of to consultant pathologists and ensuring appropriate recall management is given to patients. I am likewise involved with the supervision of stave and the production and management of in-house standard operating procedures.Description of ProblemAlthough incessantly monitored by XXX, the cartridge clipframe from taking a cervical sample to when it was reported has never been given a stringent retroversion quantify tar find oneself, unlike the showing programme in England, which since 2010 has had a 14-day turn near time target. However, this is to miscellany as XXX want women screened in XXX to assume an equit adequate service to that of the women in England and with the ingress of parvenu testing alongside the current cervical cytology test, laboratory turnaround multiplication need to be under 3 weeks.In may 2013, the majority of our scat was turned-around in 3.5 weeks with only 0.9% of our travelload existence reported within the proposed 3 week timeframe. Being aware that XXX were likely to implement changes within the next 12 months, we wanted to be proactive and improve our performance before XXX inflict cash advance methods upon us or worse the service was moved from XXX.Therefore, the problem was identified as How jakes we reduce our turnaround times to under 3 weeks (from hear received in laboratory to date authorised)?Analysis of the ProblemWe were aware as a service that our turnaround times had addd bothwhere the last couple of years cod to the loss of rung through retirement and centralisation and due to the transportation of employ to an off-site laboratory for cognitive operationing and then its transport to our department for check and reporting. However, to secern the areas that we could improve, we created a work-stream to understand the flow of work through the laboratory bear on.A simplified version of the work-stream is arrange below(Removed for confidentiality reasons)The days in the green ovals are average accumulative work days it would outlet to achieve a reported sample from arrival at the laboratory. These are working days and do non include weekends, thence it is likely a boost 2 to 4 days could be added to the actual turnaround time, making a possible estimated laboratory turnaround time of between 4 and 10 days. These days are calculated with no backlog, and thereof the next step would be to pick out were backlogs or coarctations were proceedring.The functioninging of work at XXX was beyond our control. As was the transport to and from XXX, which occurs on alternative days and is governed by XXX. Therefore, the two areas we could concentrate on were the booking in and the viewing of slides.In May 2013, the administration round based in XXX had a slight backlog of samples to book in, this equated to 1 to 2 days delay. The main cause of this delay was lack of provide and it wasnt some social occasion we could address forthwith as recruitment of new supply would progress to time and screening supply could non economic aid as the backlog and delay in slides being screened was even greater. In the same month, the backlog of slides hold to be screened was estimated at 2 to 3 weeks, this equated to around 3000 slides waiting to be screened.The backlog of screening work was non only affecting swift results to the patients it was also having an effect upon the screening round team spirit as they had to see large numbers of slides waiting to be screene d, whichcould affect the turnaround further. We were also notified at this time that a member of the screening teatimem would be leaving and therefore the urgency in cut down our turnaround times became more imminent as we would have less staff in a month or two. If no action was taken now the turnaround times would increase further once the member of staff left.As a result, the area we need to concentrate on and place possible solutions to was the matter of reducing screening times of slides, by attacking this element of the laboratory process we should be open to reduce our overall laboratory turnaround times.Identification of Possible SolutionsThe Cytology senior staff members, including myself, started with a brain-storming exercise of trying to identify possible solutions. Due to constraints and safe-practices put in place by the NHS Cervical Screening Programme (NHSCSP) and XXX it is not possible to ask screening staff to screen severally slide faster, as false positives a nd false negative results would increase and the graphic symbol would be affected. And we could not ask staff to screen for a longer length of time in the day, as screeners can only chief(a) screen slides for a maximum of 5 hours a day, again due to the quality risk. However, staff could work overtime by coming in at weekends.To try and improve the workflow pathway within the screening room I decided to re-read the Cytology improvement sharpen achieving a 14 day turnaround time in cytology produced by the NHSCSP when England was undergoing changes to its screening programme turnaround times. This guide is a collection of evidence-based ideas for improving workflow and turnaround times in the laboratory and administration departments of the cervical programme.We had already chartered one suggestion from the guide in 2010 regarding batching sizes of work, whereby we have reduced the number of slides in a tray from 20 to 8 slides. Although all(prenominal) slide was still being s creened for the same time length, a tray of slides were being finished quicker and therefore the screening staff felt happier and kept the work flowing throughthe laboratory. However, on inspection the work wasnt flowing, as after primary screening, trays were being placed into the fast round box and only taken out for review twice a day ( basic thing in morning and after lunch), with some staff only reviewing slides once per day. This was causing the first bottleneck and it was also having a knock-on effect on the authorising of samples by senior staff as large chunks of authorising was occurring first thing in the morning or after lunch, which due to the monotony of checking details and results was causing errors to occur in reporting. We therefore needed to undertake a Lean transformation.Lean is an improvement approach to put forward flow and eliminate waste that was developed by Toyota. Lean is basically about getting the ripe(p) things to the right place, at the right time , in the right quantities, while minimising waste and being flexible and grant to change. Lean thinking focuses on what the client values, any activity that is not valued is waste. If you remove the waste, the customer receives a more value-added service. In our department this means reducing our turnaround times, so that the customer (XXX women) get their cervical results in 3 weeks. We therefore had to remove processes that were not adding value to the end result. By investigating further it was noteworthy that some screening staff were writing on the front and the back of the sample request forms if the samples were negative. There was no benefit in duplicating the result on the back of the form and therefore as part of Lean it is considered waste.Distraction was also a large issue in the screening room. To screen and report slides, it requires concentration to process and distinguish abnormal cells from normal samples. However, staff were regularly halt screening to chat or employees from other departments were coming in to talk, make a cup of tea or to eat biscuits causing distractions of up to 30 minutes at times. The telephone was also a regular distraction, with service users phoning up for advice and results and the XXX administration department phoning up regularly to change and update patient managements.Summary of OptionsWe eventually decided the preferences available to us were1. Screening staff to work overtime.If every member of the screening team and senior team (Senior Biomedical Scientist and Cytology Manager) were to partake in overtime work on one day of the weekend and managed to screen an average of 30 slides per day the backlog could be cleared in 9 to 10 weekends. However, partaking in overtime is a voluntary decision and not all staff members would want to or be able to work overtime. This means that if we were to only adopt overtime as an option a minimum of 9 weekends would need to be worked, and as we were not changing the day -to-day workflow process a further period of overtime may be needed in the future to minimise any further backlogs. Working overtime also had a cost implementation, as staff would need reimbursing for their time given. As overtime would be over a weekend this would be calculated at time and a half pay.2. One tray of primary screening followed by one tray of rapid reviews. To overcome the current bottleneck of work after primary screening, it would be more advantageous to rapid review slides petite and often instead of first thing in the morning or after lunch. The preferred scenario would be to primary screen a tray of slides and then screen a tray of rapid review slides and alternate like this throughout the day. This means the throughput of work is more continual and turnaround is less. These faces explain this option furtherCurrent example As you can see this example of current working practice means the slides take approximately 22 hours from being initially primary screened to being authorised.Proposed example This example shows that by alternating between primary and rapid review screening the whole process up to authorising should take approximately 75 minutes. A saving in time of 20 hours and 45 minutes for those 8 slides to be reported and authorised. Some work primary screened at the end of the day will have to wait until the next day for rapid review, but on the whole or sowork will be turned around at a practically faster pace. This could be employ immediately with no cost implications or changes to staffs working pattern.3. Authorising work little and often.The examples used above also outline how this can improve the bottleneck between rapid review and authorising. Currently authorising is carried out in large batches after rapid review has been completed mainly at lunchtime and occasional first thing in the morning. These large batches of work are monotonous and organisation errors can arise due to this. By having rapid review completed i n small batches of 8, it is possible for senior staff to authorise in these small batches as soon as rapid reviews have been completed. This means authorisation can be achieved much sooner and hopeful reduce the risk of mistakes occurring.4. go down waste.A Lean approach was considered and any process that didnt add value was removed. The first uneconomical process identified was writing on both front and back of request forms, writing on the back was considered worthless. This process approximately took 10 seconds to carry out. Therefore if this was stopped each screening staff member screening 30 slides a day on average would save 300 seconds a day. This equates to 5 minutes, which is more than enough time to screen one or two extra slides a day.Which over a week could mean 10 extra slides been screened by one screening staff member or 80 slides a week if all screening staff stopped. The second process considered was the taking of primary screening work from the work sheaf befo re necessary. Some individuals would pick up 2 trays of primary screening or would leave unfinished trays on their desks overnight. If these trays were left in the pile or half trays placed back into the work pile before going home, it would allow other member of staff to screen them sooner and therefore have them moving along the work-stream quicker.5. Adopt quiet-time.The most controversial option considered was to implement quiet-time in the screening rooms. An initial quiet-time of between 9.30am-12.30pm and 1.30-3.30pm was suggested, asking all staff member to keep any talking towork-related questions only and to deter any colleagues from other departments from coming into the screening room or phoning the department. No mobile phones would allowed in the department during these times and work emails were to be go over first thing in the morning or first thing after lunch.Evaluation of OptionsThe NHSCSP force out on using a PDSA cycle (plan, do, study, act) to evaluate and t o test out ideas to ensure changes make the improvement required before implementation. Although the cycle is good at temporarily trialling a change and assessing its impact, its not useful in highlighting the best option or options to adopt without trialling them all. We therefore need to give out the strength and weakness of each option first.A decision matrix was created to evaluate and prioritise the 5 options above. The criteria we used to make the decisions were Cost implications would there be any extra cost involved with each option and was this a small or large cost. (Rated from 1 (high cost) to 3 (low cost)) Speed of implication were we able to implement this option immediately or would it require much planning. (Rated from 1 (slow) to 3 (fast))Effect on staff would the staff be happy with these measure, would it cause a negative effect in the work place. Did the staff have to make large adjustments to their working practice. (Rated from 1 (high detriment) to 3 (low)) Spe ed of improvements how long would it take for us to see a change in turnaround times if option was implemented. (Rated from 1 (slow) to 3 (fast))Each option was rated for each criterion, so that we could establish any issues with each option.From looking at the circumvent above, options 2 and 3 have scored well on all 4 criteria and therefore would be able to be implemented with little disruption but with a good impact on turnaround times. Option 1 unfortunately had too many issues regarding cost and the time it would take to gain concordance for funding the overtime and for staff to agree to giving up their free weekends. Also every staff member wasnt able to participate due to personal commitments and families, this meant the overtime worked could vary greatly week to week. It was therefore decided options 2 and 3 would be trialled further and option 1 would be abandoned.Although option 4 would take time to see results, it was decided that by Leaning up the work process could on ly be a good thing and that the ideas suggested to reduce waste in the workplace should be implemented immediately.The main cause for concern with option 5 was the detriment to the staff,however this change to working practice was considered to be the one that would have the greatest affect on reduction of turnaround times. It was therefore decided to trial this for a while, and that once the backlog was reduced we could relax the quiet time option and re-implement it if the backlog was to increase again.We could now look at the PDSA cycle and using turnaround time as a measurement assess the capabilities of option 2,3,4 and 5. By starting to trial the options and regularly monitoring and canvass the turnaround times (Do & Study) we can highlight any changes that may be necessary (Act) and think of new plans to tackle any issues that arise (Plan).ImplementationBefore implementing and disseminating the information to all the staff, the cytology manager and cytopathologist went over all the presented options and make the final decision to implement the improvements for reducing turnaround times. They were happy to put forward the 4 options identified to all the staff and create action plans for implementation.A staff meeting was held to explain the fact regarding increasing turnaround times and the options put forward in the form of an action plan to the staff on how we could reduce the turnaround times. The action plans presented wereIt was important to us to use SMART action plans, which meant we had to be specific in our actions and create measurable, achievable and realistic plans. An achievable time frame was set by creating weekly and periodical milestones for reviewing our turnaround times.Staff were asked to provide their thoughts on these actions and identify any issues or plant forward any options not already covered. Staff members made known their fears regarding quiet time, with one staff pointing out their working times were 9.30am until 2.30pm, and therefore apart from lunchtime she cannot talk during her working hours. This was taken into considerationand the hours of quiet-time were altered. It was also stated the quiet time was a short term proposal and would be get up as the backlog reduced/ended.An idea of moving the boxes retentiveness the work needing rapid review and the boxes holding forms for authorising was also put forward. As currently the boxes were located across two different rooms and in the furthest corner of one room, meaning the entire screening room was being disturbed when person went to put work/forms in the boxes. By moving the boxes to an equidistant place between both room, it would reduce the time wasted in walking to the boxes and reduce disturbance to other staff. Therefore the new and limited action plans were added.The staff was also advised that the turnaround times would initially be monitored in-house on a weekly basis to trial these changes and if the turnaround times were improving the monitoring would default to the XXX monthly monitoring. The aim was to try and authorise 300 cases a day, this was a realistic number to screen between 8 screening and 2 senior biomedical scientist staff. This equated to 1500 slides a week authorised, and as approximately megabyte slides were received and booked in each week, this meant we would be clearing approximately 500 slides from the backlog each week.Review of OutcomesWork levels were reviewed weekly by the Cytology Manager using the laboratories computer system. It was possible to see that the work load being reported was greater than that of the workload coming into the laboratory, and therefore the backlog of work was decreasing. However, what helped staff morale and made them aware of a reduction in the backlog and an improvement in turnaround times was being able to visualise the time between the date the sample was taken and the date the sample was screened and also seeing the reduction in the pile of work that w as waiting for screening. As all options were implemented at the same time it was not possible to identify the effects of each individual option.XXX were also gathering the 3 week turnaround figures for all laboratories and these were being disseminated amongst the screening staff on a monthly basis. From the graph provided by XXX, it is clear from the implementation of changes in June 2013 the percentage of samples turned around in less than 3 weeks has steadily increased.A slight dip in the percentage is noted between August and September 2013, this coincided with the loss of a staff member and a move to a new laboratory building, which resulted in screening down-time for a couple of working days. It was at this time a decision was taken to stop the strict enforcement of quiet time, allowing the occasional chatter within the screening room. This made work more welcoming and created a happier work environment, this in turn seems to have helped in the increase of samples turned arou nd in 3 weeks.The introduction of these measures over the past 12 months have seen the departments 3 week turnaround times increase from 0.9% to 100%.ReferencesNHS Cervical Screening Programme (NHSCSP) Cytology improvement guide achieving a 14 day turnaround time in cytologyNHS Cervical Screening Programme (NHSCSP) continual improvement in cytology sustaining and accelerating improvement

Education in Saudi Arabia and the United States of America Essay

teaching continues to be the priority of all nations around the world. Countries devote vast resources to ensure equal opportunity to study for their people. In return, the educated segment of the population frames the wealth of these nations and will more alikely meet the social and stinting demands of the country. The commandal systems atomic number 18 continuously developed to meet not just the local but similarly the global demands and challenges. It is more appropriate to look at the disparity on the tuition sector of star country to another in order to determine what needs to be improved and developed in ones rearingal system.This paper aims to provide an assessment on the similarities and differences of tuition in twain countries, Saudi-Arabian Arabia and the United States of America (USA). The development in Saudi Arabia and the USA argon similar in terms of government spending on direction, freedom to choose the educate where they will attend to, and education for people with special needs, while differ in terms of attitude towards education, literacy rate, religion in school, gender roles, grading scales, and stages of education. Both the Saudi Arabia and USA government spend immense resources on the education sector.The Saudi Arabia governments increased awareness on the importance of education to its people paved delegacy to its provision of bountiful support to education. Like the USA government, the Saudi Arabia government finance general education for most(prenominal) boys and girls. It also provides free post- lower-ranking education and offers financial help to students. At cases, meals, books, and transportation are subsidized. In the same way, the USA government offers free general and post-secondary education for all financed by the government. In both countries, students are also allowed to choose what school they will attend to.They have the options to enroll in public, private, or home school. Most of the parents prefer to send their children in public school practically because they are much(prenominal) free from burden. There were also those who prefer private schools thinking that these schools might provide better, quality education to their children especially for those seeking a competitive edge in college admission. A few considers home study best for their children for reasons that they can effectively tailor a curriculum that would best suit their childrens academician strengths and weaknesses, especially those with disabilities.Aside from home schooling, those with disabilities may be sent to schools which will cater to their needs like schools for the blind, desensitise, physically and mentally handicapped, among others (Education, 2005). The Saudi Arabia and USA governments have put on these schools to encourage individuals to their full likely and share social and emotional experiences with their peers having the same conditions as themselves. The curricula in the special classes prone over over to the students were tailored scenery to their needs.For instance, the educational programs given to the blind and deaf individuals were different. For sure, blind students were thought of using Braille while deaf students do not. One variation the Saudi Arabia and the USA government have is the attitude towards education. In the USA, school attendance is mandatory and nearly universal at primary and secondary levels. School districts meet to question school curricula, funding, teaching, and other policies to further improve the education in the state. On the other hand, in Saudi Arabia, the government does not impose mandatory attendance in school.Although, it is encouraged that the free primary and secondary education are availed since education is given free and open to every citizen. The literacy rate for the two countries presented, are varied. The USA literacy rate is estimated at 99% for both men and women, whereas, literacy rate in Saudi Arabia is estim ated at only 84. 7% for men and 70. 8% for women (Literacy, 2007). The Saudi Arabia government recognizes the importance of literacy in propelling the deliverance hence, one of its objectives for the education sector is to eradicate illiteracy especially among adults and girls through several literacy programs.In the USA, in spite of the high literacy rate, the government is continually implementing programs to further develop the education sector. Religion is the main core of education in Saudi Arabia. The curricula developed conform to the Shariah (Islamic holy law) and the Quran. Men were trained of Islamic education to become members of religious clergy. They provide religious secondary education with focus primarily on Islamic and Arabic studies, although, the curriculum also includes general education. The schools which administer these were Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University and the Islamic University of Medinah (Sedgwick, 2001).On the contrary, education in the USA is not focused on religion but there are some schools which may offer religion subjects that are not quite extensive as religion studies in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, education is segregated by sex. Education for boys is different from education for girls. Education is divided into three separately administered systems general education for boys, education for girls and traditional Islamic education for boys (Sedgwick, 2001). However, in the recent years, education for girls was continuously being developed to meet the growing demands of the country.Unlike in the USA, education is offered to both sexes, giving them equal opportunity to study. The educational programs that were developed cater to both sexes. Grading scales were active to gauge the students performance on school. Grading scales in the USA and Saudi Arabia differ. In the USA, marks were given on the scale of A to F. In the criterion-referenced system, the equivalent grades of these to 0 to 100 percentile are as fo llows A=95-100 or 90-100, B=85-95 or 80-90, C=75-85 or 70-80, D=65-75 or 60-70, and F is given to marks below 65 or 60.There is also the norm-referenced system where marks are given as follows A=top 10% of the class, B=next 20% of the class, C=next 30% of the class, D=next 20% of the class, and bottom 20% of the class (Grading systems, n. d). On the contrary, the grading scale in Saudi Arabia was given as follows 5=90-100, 4=80-89, 3=70-79, 2=60-69, and 1=0-59 (Sedgwick, 2001). The stages of education in both countries also vary. Education in Saudi Arabia starts with primary, followed by secondary, and higher education. Primary education is for ages 6 to 12. An intermediate education, which is part of primary education, is carried out for ages 12 to 15.Secondary education is divided into three general, religious, and technical. These are taken by ages 15 to 18. The higher education is also divided into three stages the baccaloreus (bachelors degree-4 years), darajat al majisteer (ma sters degree 2years), and doctoorah (doctorate minimum of 3 years) (Sedgwick, 2001). On the other hand, education in the USA is be of these stages preschool (1 or 2 yrs), elementary/middle/high school (12 yrs), associate, bachelors, masters, and doctorate degrees (Structure familiar Information, n. . ).The differences in education in both countries mainly lie on their history, culture, social and economic conditions, whereas, the similarities were bought well-nigh by their desire to provide accessible, quality education free and open to all. Education stimulates the people to present to its country in addressing the increasing local and global demands. This motivates the countries to improve and further develop its educational system.

Retail Sector in Uk

THE UK RETAIL SECTOR sell is one of the major economicalal sectors of United Kingdom, with sell gross sales of ? 221 billion, employing more than or less 3 million barter and operating ein truthw here 300,000 reveals. Within the sector there is a shield polarization at both the business and the store level. The leading sellers argon huge, multinational businesses which dominate the sector. They operate a range of stores from major hypermarkets and supercentres through to sm exclusively convenience stores. retailing is likewise signifi natest it its social dimension as sound.Whilst economic anyy retail bridges production and consumption, in social monetary value it effects most of the cosmos every day. It is the r be person who does non go shopping, or indeed has not licked in retail or been involved in it in more or less way. For some, retailers offer their major social intercourse of the day or week and act as a social network, setting or centre. The quality o f UK retailing and its localisation principles thence has both an economic and a social bearing on the perceptions of the country.COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS 1. 1 Political coordinate and Tr ratiocinations The activities of retailers and thus shoppers atomic reduce 18 affected by the semipolitical structure and trends in a number of ways. It would be wrong, as yet, to see this as a direct relationship derived through a body of legislation specifically targeted at retailing or shopping. Instead, trends in retailing and shopping ar to a greater extent dependent on a number of national debates and initiatives that make water been developed recently by various levels in the political process.The main direct effect that politicians realise on retailing and shopping is through their exercise of exponent over location through the levers of the land-use planning system. Whilst land-use planning is a local authority activity, national government activity activity chamberpot intervene to provide directions and guidance on the assessment of evolution opportunities and proposals. Whilst land-use planning towards retailing in the 1980s allowed decentralised activity, since the early 1990s there has been a growing consensus on the tightening of restrictions on off-centre and green field evelopment. Thus it has change state much harder to obtain planning permission for developments away from alert townsfolk centres and refreshinger forms of retailing such as factory outlet centres and regional shopping centres reserve change by reversal harder to accommodate. This consensus has emerged through a general concern with the health of town centres and a desire to see town centres as vital and viable parts of the urban structure, fulfilling traditional nodal activities, including providing a focus for shopping.Whilst land-use planning affects the location of retailing, other instruments of government can affect the operations of the business, although as we note the re is no overall retail trading legislation. Instead, shoppers ar affected by a battery of public policy which attempts variously to regulate competition, safeguard consumer interests and to regulate trading checks. Recent changes in this argonna deliver seen an easing of restrictions on trading hours for example precisely a strengthening of powers over retail selling and employment practices. Concerns over public health thrust led to tighter regulation on nutriment stores.In essence the approach could be summed up as ensuring that retailers do their jobs properly and that there is as much a level playacting field as manageable. Again there is no reason to suspect that this leave behind change, though the scale of the legislation will change as globalisation continues in this market. Big retailers will be created on a pan-atomic number 63an level and will be subjected to standard operating conditions across for example Europe, which safeguard consumer interests. The Eur opean dimension obviously has another political aspect as well, most notably in terms of the Euro.Whilst decisions about the Euro ar beyond this report, retailers as a key service sector, will deliver to deal with its introduction (or not). For some this is already anticipated through their acceptance of Euros in the UK, their Irish and continental European experiences and in their forward planning of technological (eg POS) rangement. Smaller retailers in particular however whitethorn be less prepared for any positive decision. Overall there will be costs in implementation, as well as potential trading disruption depending on timing of introduction. 1. 2 sparing Structures and TrendsTo a considerable extent, the economic structures and trends driver for change operates at such a macro-level of the economy that it is very hard to consider it in any detail. The general economic position of the country will condition to a great extent the outcomes retailers experience from the shop ping activity. Thus the volume and value of retail sales is of importance in this arena, scarce it is hard to be certain of magnitudes looking forward. Political policy can constitute an impact by its promotion of certain sectors and locations in the economy, in pursuit for example of greater social inclusion and a fairer distri besidesion of wealth.However alternative policies could equally be considered. The economic structure withal has an affect on the retail landscape through the encouragement or otherwise of the construction of landscapes for consumption. Businesses have to be willing to invest in the built environment and to feel comfortable that such investments will make a return. Probably the only safe assumption to be made is that the encompassing economic structures will roost in place and that in the future Britain will be economically close to ranked similarly to where it is straightaway in the world.Taking this assumption, then it would seem that we can expec t many an(prenominal) of the trends we have seen in recent eld to continue. Thus, there would seem to be scope for get along harvest-home in retail sales, if we take a broad definition of retailing. in that location will be developers wishing to invest in the UK in commercial property, but much of this development may take the form of service or enhancement of existing locations. The exceptions to this skill be purpose built new facilities in areas of determine deprivation, though the exact form of these facilities will be open to question.The economic structure has an impact on retailers and retail structure. British retailing is dominated by large corporate kitchen ranges, many of which are foreman-quartered extraneous the country. Whilst there is in a sense a requirement to improve local friendship to jar against consumer acquires, large retailers have demonstrated that computing power can be used to understand markets. fellowship management becomes a key element in the future economy. There does not seem because to be any particular reason why current trends towards bigger and foreign retailers (eg.Wal-Mart) dominating more of the market should not continue, although they will probably structure some of their activities on a national (ie. local) basis. There will be opportunities for local and new retailers, but overall the market structure is in all probability to remain dominated by such big and increasingly global players. The interaction of the political will and the economic situation of the country and locations and individuals in spite of appearance the country will be important in determining the rankness of otherwise of the universe of discourse, and thus the attractiveness of sites for retailers.This personal disposable income is critical to the future of locations, though it is tempered by the aspirations and lifestyle choices, and the costs of these eg. monthly rental of satellite television reduces out-of-home shopping. Mos t recently there has been proclaimed major investment in the countrys infrastructure, funded in part by amplificationd assess and NI revenues. This could affect perceptions of affluence and personal disposable income for years to come. More worryingly perhaps is the possible pensions timebomb which is currently cosmos exposed through the switch out of final-salary schemes.Continuing concerns over mortgage payments based upon endowment policies and the high level of credit in the economy reinforce these worries. Socio-Cultural and Lifestyle Aspirations Changing socio-cultural and lifestyle considerations have fuelled much of the change in shopping and retailing in recent years. Attitudes and beliefs as well as wants and needs have been transformed. They continue to develop and further change can be expected. In particular, attitudes to work and leisure are worth identifying separately as they are potentially so important.Modern consumers are a mass of contradictions, many of whi ch are inexplicable on any rational basis. Some travel miles by car, damaging the environment, to refill a plastic bottle which costs virtually nothing, or to place bottles in a bottlebank located on a superstore car park. Branded products with a conspicuous logo are purchased in preference to identical generic products selling at a vastly reduced price. stack pay 50% more for a 30% smaller microwaveable pot of baked beans rather than have to open a tin and heat the product normally.Ready-washed salads or chopped vegetables in their millions are purchased to save time or to cover up for lost culinary skills. Understanding and predicting change in this arena is therefore a little difficult. What can be said is that there is a tension in this aspect of shopping. On the one hand consumers have ever broader experiences and expectations that have been increased by their exposure to new events, horizons, ways of doing things etc. So holiday experiences are brought back and combined with UK products and behaviours. Things that are seen in TV programmes become operational in local stores.On the other hand, the very temper of the global experience, particularly through leisure products such as TV and cinema, tends to reduce things to the lowest putting green denominator Pringles, Coke, Gap, Nike and it is no coincidence that the majority of exemplars are American. This differentiation/similarity paradox will likewise emerge in other ways, and in particular in terms of the attitudes and belief statements of individuals and the way they translate these into shopping actions. Single-issue causes are fundamentally important now and look set to remain a force.Attitudes to corporate or government activities may lead to both small-scale individual behaviour changes but possibly to more congeries corporate behaviour changing movements. The battle over GM foods and the rapid development of organic food sales are examples of the start of this rather than the end. Consum ers and businesses will spend a lot of time in the future working out their positions on issues and changing behaviours appropriately. However, the number of individual positions by their very nature will outnumber choices procurable.This directs to a continuing fragmentation of much of consumer demand, but overlain by certain common themes. For retailers, identifying these themes early will be critically important and reacting quickly will be vital. The issue of mobility is complicated. It is receptive that good deals judgement of mobility has been transformed in a number of directions. The overall perception of mobility has protracted significantly. This backstage is both in terms of the mental view of locations and travel and a dramatic extension of what may be possible and also a willingness and ability to actually travel.The location of holidays and the influence this has on price perception and product purchase is one example of this. The willingness to travel longer di stances to shop on a regular or an irregular (shopping centres) basis is another. It is also the case that as we are spend more time on the move, our needs in consumption terms have changed. We need to be able to consume as we go (food, music, information etc) and retailers have changed locations, products and shop formats to adjust to this. 1. 4 Demographic Structures and TrendsShopping and retailing are obviously heavily dependent on people, both as an industry, but also as the basic consuming unit. Changes in the population structure and the location of this population, as well as the make-up of the households in which people live, are fundamentally important to retailers and to understanding the shopping future. For example, population growth in specific locations or of age- conferences of people encourage or discourage retailers to construct the retail environment differently.The baby-boomers or Generation X concepts have their reality in the shopping behaviour apiece group carries out and the demand for experiences and products they exhibit. Similarly, the growth of children as consumers and acknowledgement of the spending power of the tweenies represent new foci for retailers and service providers. Similarly, the breakdown of the nuclear family and the rise of single person households changed the consumption landscape, both in non-food because of the sacrosanct number of households, but also in food due to pack size issues and so on.More but smaller households will have an effect on the symbol of products and services purchased and the shopping trips undertaken. In short, understanding believably future demographic structures and trends provides a good base from which to examine future shopping, and because of the nature of population dynamics provides us with a solid foundation of understanding. New births notwithstanding, we have good estimates of population demography for the next twenty years.Population estimates for the UK suggest that there will be in the next twenty years an extra 4 million people in the country on the current base of 58 million. It is forecast that current trends will continue leading to a substantially former(a) composition of the population than at present. There will be significant growth in the 45+ age groups, many of whom will be young in body and mind and will be able to finance their consumption (a group of time rich/cash rich). There is within this also an increase in the 75+ age group which will present significant issues for the economy of shopping opportunities.The ageing of the population will present an opportunity to target older consumers, but it would seem to be likely that the differences within this group will be as great as differences among the 45+ age group and other groups. The ageing of the population has another dimension of interest to retailing. Retailing is a traditional user of young people and the workforce in retailing has been seen as being more youthful and evane scent than many other sectors. With a decline in the youth cohort and a large increase in older consumers, retailers are going to have to question their hiring policies.Some retailers have been aware of this for some time, but it is going to become a wider phenomenon. Older consumers are going to want to be served by older well-informed staff and retailers are going to have to draw on this older workforce in order to keep their stores staffed in the first place. Willingness to work and the expectations of work for these groups may be much changed in the future. 1. 5 Product and Process Innovation Of all the drivers of change, the one that is most obviously in the intelligence operation with respect to shopping and retailing is that of product, or more particularly, process initiation.The rapid development of the digital revolution, united on occasions to the development of electronic commerce has caught the imagination of many, but perhaps blinded them to some of the pitfalls. De spite the fall from grace of the B2C Internet, most large retailers have a web site and are seriously exploring the opportunities or dangers of this new channel. The tax write-offs of this wave of experimentation for home delivery and for the very nature of retail organisations needs to be considered.In short, is the Internet the new way of shopping and retailing, which will eventually conquer all, or is it a small additional channel of limited impact? Whilst it is crucial to consider the possible implication in this area, it is important to emphasise (unlike perhaps the UK Foresight process) that retail futures are not all technologically based or driven. Product innovation is almost impossible to predict due to the rapid development and innovation of technology and other components. There are some possible straws in the wind associated with developments in miniaturisation, communications and digitisation.Books, flicks, films and music may all be transformed by product changes a ssociated with new mechanisms for making, storing and communication such material. Beyond that however it is almost impossible to predict what new products will be around and futile to attempt to predict in any detail what we will be buying. Process innovation is however another matter. The process of shopping has for well over a century been composed of ninefold channels, but process innovation in the form of e-retailing is challenging the balance amongst these channels, chiefly because the nature of the strong point has changed.In addition, the current implementation of e-retailing has the scope to change the nature and cost structures of retail activities. The traditional model in which the customer via self service undertakes most of the shopping tasks (and bears the costs) -changes with many tasks and the associated costs transferred to the retailer. The retail business political economy of e-retailing differ from those of store based retailing. Predicting the extent of Int ernet or e-retailing take-off is foolhardy given the breadth of experimentation and the pace of change. It is however worth reflecting on the use to which the new format is being put.It would appear that e-retailing is being used in three different ways at least for shopping. First, there are sites and opportunities that are essentially price driven. The focus is on getting the cheapest price for the product. Secondly however some sites are being used to provide a form of service delivery. In this case, products are sought because they are special, unique, different or distinctive or because they are hard to find and thus a broad data source is needed. In short, the Internet can allow the breadth of retailing to be consulted more quickly than might otherwise be the case.It is possible to identify a third type of use, namely the time-saver, when basic components of shopping (provisioning? ) are routinised into some form of home delivery service. These three illustrations are themselv es further (and this time virtual) examples of the categorisation of shopping behaviour outlined earlier. With the exception of downloadable digitised products such as video and music, most products purchased remotely will require some form of home delivery system. Shopping in the real world, with the exception of mail order places the onus for this aspect primarily on the consumer.However, Internet retailing separates these activities and thus reinforces the distinction between buying and obtaining. In order to obtain virtual purchased goods, home delivery points will probably be needed and solutions will need to be found to the problems of delivery timings, people absent deliveries and the like (though other solutions are possible focusing on local stores/distribution points). It is also the case that one of the conventionally perceived benefits of Internet retailing, namely the removal of many car journeys, might be obviated by the expansion of local home (or workplace) delivery services.In terms of process, the emergence of the Internet has also had effects behind the scenes. 1. 6 Environmental Changes and Trends The UK is a congested set of islands, although this can be hyperbolize by those living in the South East of England. As such the environmental aspects of shopping and retailing are particularly important given that the sector is a large user of land and the consumers are travellers to and from locations. Retailing of course is not only about consumers moving products, as shops are the commercial end of an entire supply chain.The way in which land is used for retailing and the retail supply chain have not remained static and there is good reason to presume that this will continue. Similarly the devise and architecture of retail locations is not static and plays a considerable role in both the construction of the feel of the retail location and experience and also, in environmental terms, its efficiency and effectiveness. Retailing uses land and l ocations for its physiologic activities. Consumers tend to travel to the store or shop components of this system.Space use by retailers has changed dramatically with broad trends towards the polarisation of shop size. In the main this has not led to any particular problems over space although many retailers have sought the prime locations. However some problems have been felt in secondary locations as concentration and competition effects have washed through the system. All the pressures being identified thus far suggest that there is not going to be a dramatic increase in space needs but rather that it is the quality of the space that will be most important. received estimates of retail space, from CB Hillier Parker, suggests a stock of over 1. billion jog feet of gross shop floorspace, which translates into 524 million square feet of net floorspace. Of the total gross floorspace 17. 7% is in managed retail environments (town and out-of-town shopping centres and retail warehouse s), compared to 13. 5% in 1990 and 8% in 1980. Longer term however, it might be that existing space may be more problematical leading to either wholesale transformation or re-use as something else. Retail Sector Structure Size and Scope of Retail Sectors As has already been indicated, the definition of retailing has become more problematic.The horizontal and vertical blurring of activities and boundaries means that putting precise dimensions on the sector as a whole, and any component sub-sectors, is more difficult than before. Many examples of the issues abound, but we could for example contrast the coffee shop in the local Tesco, to the purchase of take-away sandwiches at Pret-a-Manager and the purchase of sushi for lunch at Sainsbury. Are they all retailing? Similarly Tesco sell pre-packaged insurance at the store but the same product is available via the telephone and from banks and brokers. Where do we draw the line for retail sales?Even Delia Smiths preparedness programmes on the BBC could conceivably be seen as a retail activity, given the direct correlation between transmission and product purchase. The boundaries of retailing are highly blurred and volatile and government conceptualisations and statistics focused on product are not necessarily the most appropriate or helpful. There has been growth in product purchase, though of course in most cases the products themselves have not been static. New products have been introduced and dramatically changed categories, as computers replace typewriters and sunglasses, watches and fashion jewellery are sold by clothing chains.In non-food we can point to new products such as CDs and mobile phones, and in food ready meals would be a simpleton example. Furthermore in most product categories the range and choice available has expanded Organisational Structure and challenger As major retailers have grown in scale, so they have expanded their activities into new domains. With acclivitous scale has come a greater degree of knowledge and power in the channel. The pace of growth of retailers has been greater than for many manufacturers. Allied to operational changes such as the development of retailer brands and the better knowledge of consumer atterns and trends, retailers have reconstructed the traditional supply chain. In essence a dominant retail organisational type has emerged, characterised by strong vertical power which has been used to control, administer and command supply chains. Major retailers have also been involved in the use of horizontal power through their construction and reconstruction of the retail landscape. Where retailing locates and the form it takes has been transformed by the activities of major retailers and developers. Decentralisation is a key theme in this, and waves of off-centre or out-of-town development have been identified.In most cases, these developments represent retail formats (eg. the food superstore and non-food retail warehouse) that can not readily b e accommodated in existing centres. Such new locations tap into consumer needs, but have an impact on existing retailers and customers not able to travel to them. Moreover, they are in virtually all cases operated by major retailers and thus reinforce the competitive imbalance amongst organisational types. International Opportunities and Threats British retailers have had a chequered history in terms of international operations.At the same time, Britain is an open market and retailers who wish to raise the market can in most cases do exactly as they wish. The exceptions to this are those formats eg. Supercentres, which are forced by land-use planning on the grounds of space use and various dimensions of impact. Essentially though the UK is a retail supermarket with the best bits of many retailing cultures. This open market is illustrated by the growing presence of many non-indigenous retailers in British retailing. This presence has been generated both by organic growth and by tak eover.It encompasses most, if not all, retail sectors and formats. An increasing proportion of UK retail sales is therefore being captured by non-UK businesses operating here. This inward investment is a threat to the main British retailers in competitive terms. Whilst international activity is risky, the retailers coming here are entering in many places a cosmopolitan market and one used to purchasing non-local products or travelling abroad. As such it seems not to matter to consumers where a retailer is from or who owns whom. If however competitive action combined with technological change eans that more imports are then generated and managerial head office positions, including research and development, are located outside the country, then these should be issues of concern for the country. For retailers entering this market, they have to adapt to a different (generally higher) cost structure and this can create difficulties for their positioning and performance. It is not likely that the pressure from overseas retailers will subside. Britain is a large market with a relatively small number of major cities and centres.For retailers looking for organic growth and being town or shopping centre-located, entry is relatively easy. More problematic is the entry for free-standing or off-centre stores, where sites may not be as available. More likely however is entry via take-over. Given most major UK retailers are publicly quoted, such an entry is available at any time at the right price. Whilst it is true to note that British retailers have not been overwhelmingly successful when they have internationalised, there is emerging evidence that some leading UK retailers are now seeing success.In a number of sectors, leading retailers have expanded across the globe, but particularly into Europe and Asia. Some of this expansion is due to opportunities to buy companies at reduced prices, and some is due to knowledge gained as international sourcing has expanded. Retailer s such as Kingfisher, Tesco, and WH Smith are well known international retailers and have trade some of their experiences abroad back into their UK formats. Other smaller chains have also internationalised capitalising on street corner strengths (eg Signet, Courts, Body Shop, Lush, Carphone Warehouse, Game, Thomas Pink).